Die Kommunalbesteuerung in Italien

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1010948261

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-20477

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Hoffmann, Alexander http://d-nb.info/gnd/119001837

Title:: Die Kommunalbesteuerung in Italien

Place of publication:: Jena

Publisher:: Verlag von Gustav Fischer

Year of publication:: 1915

Scope:: 1 Online-Ressource (VII, 207 Seiten)

Digitisation:: 2018

Collection:: Economics Books

Usage license:: Get license information via the feedback formular.

Chapter

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Erstes Kapitel. Die Zuschläge zu der staatlichen Grund- und Gebäudesteuer

Collection:: Economics Books

ald 27 GROWTH OF THE NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM bonds. By 1866, this right had been made exclusive by a 109, tax on state bank note circulation. The measure providing for the system was introduced in Congress in the winter 1861-1862 but was not acted upon until the following session, in 1863. By the close of 1865—the year marking the end of the Civil War—there were 1582 national banks with total capital of $403,300,000, owning government bonds in excess of that sum, while their circulation was equal to approximately one-half of their total capitalization. Circulation had been rigidly limited by Congress—first to $300,- 000,000 then to $354,000,000, and as a result, something of a finan- cial injustice had been imposed upon the newer sections of the country. National banks in the East and North, which were either organized or converted soon after the National Bank Act went into effect, had naturally obtained the bulk of the circulation that was available. This left the banks which were organizing in the newer sections of the country—where both capital and currency were urgently needed—at a decided disadvantage. For example, the banks of the Eastern and Middle States, in 1870, had some 80 million dollars’ worth of currency in excess of their share on a basis of popula- tion and wealth. The banks of the Southern States, on the other hand, were entitled to some 57 million dollars in currency more than they could obtain. In 1875, Congress coupled with the passage of the Specie Resump- tion Act, a measure providing for “free banking”—i.e., the removal of all limitations upon the volume of bank currency. Some (although no great), impetus to the organization of new banks was given by this measure. The year 1875 saw the organization of 107 new national banks, capitalized at some 12 million dollars against 71 with capitaliza- tion of 6.7 million dollars for the previous year, 1874. In each of the four years following 1875, however, the total number of national banks in the country decreased by a slight margin. As originally enacted, the National Bank Act provided for charters extending over a period not exceeding 20 years, so in 1883-84 the charters granted the first national banks (and extending 20 years) would have automatically expired. As a matter of fact, the charters of 29 banks organized for periods of less than 20 years, expired prior to July 12, 1882. Congress in 1882, in the face of bitter opposi- [13] 0 i?

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