Grundfragen der englischen Volkswirtschaft

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Identifikator:: 1713886359

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-103104

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Nitti, Francesco Saverio http://d-nb.info/gnd/119470764

Title:: Bolschewismus, Fascismus und Demokratie

Edition:: 1.-10. Tsd.

Place of publication:: München

Publisher:: Hanfstaengl

Year of publication:: 1926

Scope:: 102 Seiten; 1 Portr.

Digitisation:: 2020

Collection:: Economics Books

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Chapter

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: XV. Der Verfall Europas als Folge der Neigung zur Gewaltätigkeit und des Mangels an Frieden und Freiheit. Die unausbleibliche Rückkehr zu den liberalen Verfassungen

Collection:: Economics Books

24 BERLIN. in which the rooms, if smaller, are of such number that one can exclusively be set apart for day use. The apportionment of the rooms in many of the older houses is very promiscuous by reason of the fact that the original design of the builder has been departed from ; thus a suite of three rooms and a kitchen may have been divided into two dwellings, or out of two suites three dwellings may have been formed. The result of this division of suites is often a very inconvenient combination of rooms ; for example, there may be two kitchens upon one corridor, the second kitchen going with a self-contained room on the landing. Often one comes across cases in which single rooms have been divided into two with a view to converting them into tenements of a room and a kitchen for the sake of the higher rent obtainable, and sometimes the kitchens so constructed are without windows and are lighted by the open door or by gas. Three and even four dwellings to a corridor are not uncommon, though in many dwellings the kitchen is entered direct from the landing. Many of the so-called kitchens, however, are only such in name. In the older houses they are often mere corners or boxes, without windows, in which cooking is difficult and even dangerous. The expression “ cooking facilities,” which is often used to describe the space that serves as a kitchen, is significant of the pinching policy which has been pursued by builders in the past in the arrangement of this part of the dwelling. The closet arrangements are ample in the new houses, where they are generally found in a corner of the corridor within each separate dwelling. In the older houses this satisfactory condition of things is seldom found. Here the closets were originally placed in the courtyards, and the number was never proportionate to the households for whom they were intended. When modern ideas of hygiene and domestic convenience required the removal of the closets from the public courtyard, the landing was the only available position, and here they will be found in most houses of the earlier period, one serving for all the families on a flat. The building regulations now in force require that closets shall have an area of at least one square metre (10 - 8 square feet) with a distance from wall to wall of at least 0'80 metre (2 feet 7 inches) ; also that they shall be lighted and ventilated directly from the outside or from a light shaft open at the top ; but these conditions have not in the past been observed, even in houses inhabited by the middle classes. Often the provision of this kind is very inadequate. An enquiry on this subject made in 1905 of 13,221 members of the Local Sick Fund for mercantile employees elicited the fact that in 9,554 cases the closet was shared by 1 to 10 persons, in 1898 cases by 11 to 15 persons, in 744 cases by 16 to 20 persons in 456 cases by 21 to 30 persons, in 95 cases by 31 to 40 persons, and in 29 cases by over 40 persons. A similar enquiry referring to 450 dwellings occupied by members of the Machine Builders’ Sick Fund in 1903 showed that the closet was used in 145 cases by from 1 to 5 persons, in 176 cases by 6 to 12 persons in 58 cases by 13 to 20 persons, and in 25 by 21 to 60 persons. Probably no large city in the world wears externally an aspect more pleasing than Berlin. The city is modern ; save for a diminishing area in the Centre its buildings are almost of yesterday ; its newer streets are wide, well made and well kept, and avenues of trees and bright, green open spaces are common • while the municipal authorities and the police exercise a scrupulous care that the building regulations are not evaded. The visitor, observing all these outward signs of order and well-being, is naturally apt to conclude that Berlin has in some way been protected against the social evils which have made their appearance in other large centres of population. The fact is that, metaphorically speaking, Berlin puts her wealth into her front windows ; the scarcity is kept in the background. At the census of December, 1900, there were in Berlin no fewer than 24,088 rented basement dwellings of all kinds in which 91 426 persons were housed. A large number of these dwellings—like the porters’ quarters of West End houses—were free from objection ; but that cannot be said of the majority, and least of all of the 11,147 basements in back buildings in which 08,660 persons lived. 6 It is in the basement dwellings that the worst housing conditions and the worst poverty are found. Low rooms, damp, decay, and absence of sufficient

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Object: Cost of living in German towns

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