Theoretische Sozialökonomie

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 173623112X

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-112923

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Bingham, Walter Van Dyke http://d-nb.info/gnd/123042593; Freyd, Max

Title:: Procedures in employment psychology

Place of publication:: Chicago & New York

Publisher:: Shaw

Year of publication:: 1926

Scope:: XI, 269 S

Digitisation:: 2020

Collection:: Economics Books

Usage license:: Get license information via the feedback formular.

Chapter

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: IX. Rating scales

Collection:: Economics Books

CHAPTER 1 ORIGIN AND ORGANIZATION OF ZEMSTYVO INSTITUTIONS: Local Government before the Reform of 1861. “THE best judges of the most convenient method of performing communal duties are the inhabitants themselves, because they know best what one may do either. with money, or in person, with one’s own hands or horse, and where it can be done.” In this rather naive form, Nicholas I, in one of his orders issued while serfdom was still in force (1851), gave expression to the idea that there was need of local self-government. But it was, of course, impossible to expect that genuine self-government could be intro- duced in Russia as long as the conditions of serfdom were in exist- ence. No doubt, as far back as the beginning of the nineteenth cen- tury the local budgets were made independent of the national budget, and under the laws of 1851 delegates representing the no- bility and the towns had seats, together with the higher officials of the provincial administration, in the “Provincial Committees on Communal Duties,” which were presided over by the governors of the respective provinces. At best, however, we can regard these bureaucratic class institutions as feeble beginnings of local govern- ment. These committees drew up the local budgets and assessed taxes and personal service duties (corvée) for three years in advance. The Government, however, hesitated to grant complete autonomy in the task of making up the local budgets even to these preponderantly bureaucratic institutions, and it required that the budgets, after be- ing drawn up locally, should be submitted through the Ministry of ! The zemstvos were institutions of local government outside the urban areas. The term zemstvo is derived from the Russian word zemlya, land, and is traditionally associated with organizations of social groups connected with land, the landed gentry, and the farmers. A discussion of the municipal gov- ernment by N. J. Astrov will be found in the volume The War and the Rus- sian Government (Yale University Press, 1929) in this series of the Eco- nomic and Social History of the World War.

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