Migration and business cycles

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Identifikator:: 1736236210

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-111544

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Jerome, Harry

Title:: Migration and business cycles

Place of publication:: New York

Publisher:: National Bureau of Economic Research

Year of publication:: 1926

Scope:: 256 S.

Digitisation:: 2020

Collection:: Economics Books

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Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Chapter II. Significant features of migration

Collection:: Economics Books

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES OF MIGRATION 51 alien arrivals to each one thousand population. By 1920, the in- coming flow was gaining momentum and in the fiscal year of 1921 reached almost a pre-war level at 0.9 per cent. The depression of 1921 brought a marked reduction in the ratio during the fiscal year 1922, but in the two subsequent years, despite the restrictions of the three per centum quota law, the annual volume increased to over one-half of one per cent of the population. Net arrivals exceeded one per cent of the population only in 1907, was relatively low in the depression years (fiscal) of 1904, 1908, 1911-1912, and particularly 1922, and, in some of the war years almost reached the vanishing point. In the year ending June 30, 1924, they had rallied, despite restrictive legislation, to over one-half of one per cent of the estimated population on Jan- uary 1, 1924. It may well be questioned whether a comparison between total immigration and total population is the most significant for our purposes. As we are concerned with the contribution of immigra- tion to the supply of labor, a more significant ratio is obtained by comparing the number of alien arrivals (excluding those recorded as having “no occupation’) with the estimated total number of gainfully employed in the United States. It might be even more pertinent to compare arrivals with the number of gainfully em- ployed in those sections of the country in which the aliens settle in large numbers, but for the present at least we shall rest content with the comparison based upon data for the entire country. Arriving aliens are classified according to the occupations followed in their home countries. Those, including women and children, who have no gainful occupations are placed in a “no occupation” group, the remainder, exclusive of the “no occupation” group, may, with substantial accuracy, be designated as “working immigrants.” Though many immigrants ultimately become independent farmers or set up in business for themselves, the great bulk of them, par- ticularly in the period immediately after their arrival, become wage earners in factories, mines, building construction, or on farms. Consequently, an appropriate standard with which to compare the number of “working immigrants” is the number of wage earners in industry. In Table 11 such a comparison has been made between the gross and net arrivals of alien workers and the estimated num- ber of wage earners attached to the leading industries. The workers considered “attached” to a given industry are those who look to that industry as their chief occupation, although they may be

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