Budgets and visible commercial balances of European countries 1922-1925

Die Zollgesetze der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie nach dem gegenwärtigen Stande der Gesetzgebung nebst allen auf die Einhebung und Verwaltung der Zölle Bezug habenden Vorschriften und Erlässen

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1744852030

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-117951

Document type:: Monograph

Title:: Budgets and visible commercial balances of European countries 1922-1925

Place of publication:: Paris

Publisher:: Reference Service on International Affairs

Year of publication:: 1925

Scope:: 39 S.

Digitisation:: 2021

Collection:: Economics Books

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A.D. 1776 —1850. The depression during the transition to power weaving wn the linen trade was 1ggravated by the com- vetition of Irish, and of cotton weavers. 194 LAISSEZ FAIRE rregularity of employment. In periods of depression little vork was given out, but their earnings in good times were sufficient to keep them from recognising that the trade was terribly overcrowded. Instances of the organisation of hand-weaving in factories had occurred as early as the fifteenth century, and it is hopeless to try and obtain in- formation as to the gradual extension of that system. Some evidence has survived, however, in regard to the introduction of the power-loom, and we are justified in concluding that this would not have occurred unless a thoroughgoing system of capitalist supervision had already come into vogue. If will be convenient to consider the course of the changes in different branches of the textile trades in turn. i. The linen-weavers were reduced to as miserable a condition as any other class of weaver in 1839. Their wages had steadily fallen; they had resorted to strikes, over and over again, but always without success; several distinct price- lists had been issued, as in 1829 and in 1837, but the masters did not adhere to them, and each new list gave greatly reduced figures’. This depressed condition was partly due to the competition of Irish immigrants? but the trade was also overcrowded by cotton-weavers. The power-loom had been very generally introduced, so far as cotton fabrics were concerned?, and the cotton hand-weavers took refuge in the linen trade; thus, before the power-loom had been applied to linen fabrics, the artisans were suffering seriously from an indirectly induced competition®, The overcrowding of i Reports, 1840, xxi. 317. 2 Ib, 815. 3 See below, 797, n. 5. + See the statement in regard to Yorkshire linen-weavers. There are many causes that have been at work in bringing the hand-loom weavers’ wages to this starvation price, and we will beg leave to state our opinion of a few of them. The power-loom is one, and though but little progress has yet been made in working linen goods, yet, by having nearly destroyed the cotton-weaving, and greatly ‘njured the stuff and woollen weavers’ trade, it has driven many out of those ranches into the linen trade, and over-stocked the market with hands; and the manufacturers have taken the advantage, and reduced the wages; but we believe it is nothing to their profit. Now, these power-looms contribute nothing to the revenue; on the contrary, they have been the means of throwing great numbers out of employment, and has (sic) brought thousands and tens of thousands to sup the cup of misery even to its very dregs, and, if not speedily checked, will, ere jong, bring the whole of the weaving trade to complete ruin. We think at any

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