Holländische Wirtschaftsgeschichte

The agrarian system of Moslem India

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1744885710

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-117895

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Baasch, Ernst http://d-nb.info/gnd/117692018

Title:: Holländische Wirtschaftsgeschichte

Place of publication:: Jena

Publisher:: Fischer

Year of publication:: 1927

Scope:: VI, 632 S.

Digitisation:: 2021

Collection:: Economics Books

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Chapter

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: I. Kapitel. Aufstieg und Niedergang der holländischen Wirtschaft zur Zeit der Republik

Collection:: Economics Books

138 THE AGRARIAN SYSTEM OF MOSLEM INDIA half the actual produce was to be left to the peasants, and it draws a distinction (H. 10) between calamities occurring before, and after, the crops were cut; allowance was to be made for the former, but not for the latter, a rule which sur- vivedinthe administrative tradition of the nineteenth century. The administration was required to see that exactions from peasants were limited to the lawful demands, and three classes of prohibited exactions are specified (R. 10). The first consists of those cesses which had been forbidden by the Emperor, who followed in this matter the general line taken by Firtiz and by Akbar. The second is “charges in excess of the revenue,” which may be interpreted as customary levies made by officials. The third is described by the word baliya, which in ordinary use may mean either “misfortune” or “oppression”; here it probably denotes some particular form of oppression which was common at the time, but I have found no illustrative passages to assist in its interpretation. So much is clear, that various forms of exaction prevailed, and that they were definitely pro- hibited; how far the prohibition was effective remains a matter for conjecture. The orders which have been summarised above applied primarily only to the Reserved areas, a small fraction of the Empire, but their provisions were intended, at the least, to set a standard of procedure in Assignments, for the officials employed by assignees were to be urged to act in accordance with them. Here again it is a matter for con- jecture how far these orders took effect. Aurangzeb’s local administration was not characterised by efficiency, so that assignees probably enjoyed more freedom than in Akbar’s days; but a curious provision suggests that the provincial Diwan was in fact in a position to influence the local staff employed by assignees. He was required (R. 12) to report on the loyalty and efficiency of the assessors and collectors employed in Assignments, and a promise was given that punishment should follow on an unfavourable report. It is not easy to understand how the Revenue Ministry could ensure the punishment of subordinates employed by an assignee, but the promise is there, and we must infer that, in some wav or other, it could be made effective.

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