An Introduction to the theory of statistics

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1751730271

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-127610

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Yule, George Udny http://d-nb.info/gnd/12910504X

Title:: An Introduction to the theory of statistics

Edition:: 8. ed. rev

Place of publication:: London

Publisher:: Griffin

Year of publication:: 1927

Scope:: XV, 422 S; Ill., Diagr

Digitisation:: 2021

Collection:: Economics Books

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Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Part II. The theory of variables

Collection:: Economics Books

: THEORY OF STATISTICS. 2. Mlustration i.—It is required to throw some light on the variations of pauperism in the unions (unions of parishes) of England. (Cf. Yule, ref. 2.) One table (Table VIII.) bearing on a part of this question, viz. the influence of the giving of out-relief on the proportion of the aged in receipt of relief, was given in Chap. IX. (p. 183). The question was treated by correlating the percentage of the aged relieved in different districts with the ratio of numbers relieved outdoors to the numbers in the workhouse. Is such a method the best possible ? On the whole, it would seem better to correlate changes in pauperism with changes in various possible factors. If we say that a high rate of pauperism in some district is due to lax administration, we presumably mean that as administration became lax, pauperism rose; or that if administration were more strict, pauperism would decrease ; if we say that the high pauper- ism is due to the depressed condition of industry, we mean that when industry recovers, pauperism will fall. When we say, in fact, that any one variable is a factor of pauperism, we mean that changes in that variable are accompanied by changes in the percentage of the population in receipt of relief, either in the same or the reverse direction. It will be better, therefore, to deal with changes in pauperism and possible factors. The next question is what factors to choose. 3. The possible factors may be grouped under three heads : — (a) Administration.—Changes in the method or strictness of administration of the law. (6) Environment.— Changes in economic conditions (wages, prices, employment), social conditions (residential or industrial character of the district, density of population, nationality of population), or moral conditions (as illustrated, e.g., by the statis- tics of crime). (c) Age Distribution.—the percentage of the population between given age-limits in receipt of relief increases very rapidly with old age, the actual figures given by one of the only two then existing returns of the age of paupers being—2 per cent. under age 16, 1 per cent. over 16 but under 65, 20 per cent. over 65. (Return 36, 1890.) It is practically impossible to deal with more than three factors, one from each of the above groups, or four variables alto- gether, including the pauperism itself. What shall we take, then, as representative variables, and how shall we best measure “ pauperism ” } 4. Pauperism.—The returns give (a) cost, (6) numbers relieved. It seems better to deal with (8) (as in the illustration of Table 192

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