An Introduction to the theory of statistics

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Identifikator:: 1751730271

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-127610

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Yule, George Udny http://d-nb.info/gnd/12910504X

Title:: An Introduction to the theory of statistics

Edition:: 8. ed. rev

Place of publication:: London

Publisher:: Griffin

Year of publication:: 1927

Scope:: XV, 422 S; Ill., Diagr

Digitisation:: 2021

Collection:: Economics Books

Usage license:: Get license information via the feedback formular.

Chapter

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Part II. The theory of variables

Collection:: Economics Books

X.—CORRELATION : ILLUSTRATIONS AND METHODS. 193 VIII, Chap. IX.), as numbers are more important than cost from the standpoint of the moral effect of relief on the population. The returns, however, generally include both lunatics and vagrants in the totals of persons relieved ; and as the administrative methods of dealing with these two classes differ entirely from the methods applicable to ordinary pauperism, it seems better to alter the official total by excluding them. Returns are available giving the numbers in receipt of relief on 1st January and 1st J uly ; there does not seem to be any special reason for taking the one return rather than the other, but the return for 1st January was actually used. The percentage of the population in receipt of relief on 1st January 1871, 1881, and 1891 (the three census years), less lunatics and vagrants, was therefore tabulated for each union. (The investigation was carried out in 1898.) 5. ddministration.—The most important point here, and one that lends itself readily to statistical treatment, is the relative proportion of indoor and outdoor relief (relief in the workhouse and relief in the applicant’s home). The first question is, again, shall we measure this proportion by cost or by numbers? The latter seems, as before, the simpler and more important ratio for the present purpose, though some writers have preferred the statement in terms of expenditure (e.g. Mr Charles Booth, Aged Poor—Condition, 1894). If we decide on the statement in terms of numbers, we still have the choice of expressing the proportion (1) as the ratio of numbers given out-relief to numbers in the work- house, or (2) as the percentage of numbers given out-relief on the total number relieved. The former method was chosen, partly on the simple ground that it had already been used in an earlier investigation, partly on the ground that the use of the ratio separates the higher proportions of out-relief more clearly from each other, and these differences seem to have significance. Thus a union with a ratio of 15 outdoor paupers to one indoor seems to be materially different from one with a ratio of, say, 10 to 1; but if we take, instead of the ratios, the percentages of outdoor to total paupers, the figures are 94 per cent. and 91 per cent. respectively, which are so close that they will probably fall into the same array. The ratio of numbers in receipt of outdoor relief to the numbers in the workhouse, in every union, was therefore tabulated for 1st January in the census years 1871, 1881, 1891. 6. Environment.—This is the most difficult factor of all to deal with. In Mr Booth’s work the factors tabulated were (1) persons per acre ; (2) percentage of population living two or more to a room, .e. “overcrowding”; (3) rateable value per head (Aged Poor— Condition). The data relating to overcrowding were first collected 13

Access restriction

Copyright

fullscreen: An Introduction to the theory of statistics

Monograph

Chapter

Table of contents

Download

Monograph

Chapter

This page

Image fragment

Citation links

Citation recommendation