An Introduction to the theory of statistics

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1751730271

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-127610

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Yule, George Udny http://d-nb.info/gnd/12910504X

Title:: An Introduction to the theory of statistics

Edition:: 8. ed. rev

Place of publication:: London

Publisher:: Griffin

Year of publication:: 1927

Scope:: XV, 422 S; Ill., Diagr

Digitisation:: 2021

Collection:: Economics Books

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Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Part I. The theory of atributes

Collection:: Economics Books

THEORY OF STATISTICS. more strictly not-tall) on the basis of this classification. Similarly, the methods that are specially adapted to the treatment of statistics of variables, making use of each value recorded, are available to a greater extent than might at first sight seem possible for dealing with statistics of attributes. For example, we may treat the presence or absence of the attribute as correspending to the changes of a variable which can only possess two values, say 0 and 1. Or, we may assume that we have really to do with a variable character which has been crudely classified, as suggested above, and we may be able, by auxiliary hypotheses as to the nature of this variable, to draw further conclusions. But the methods and principles developed for the case in which the observer only notes the presence or absence of attributes are the simplest and most fundamental, and are best considered first. This and the next three chapters (Chapters I.-IV.) are accordingly devoted to the Theory of Attributes. 3. The objects or individuals that possess the attribute, and those that do not possess it, may be said to be members of two distinct classes, the observer classifying the objects or individuals observed. In the simplest case, where attention is paid to one attribute alone, only two mutually exclusive classes are formed. If several attributes are noted, the process of classification may, however, be continued indefinitely. Those that do and do not possess the first attribute may be reclassified according as they do or do not possess the second, the members of each of the sub- classes so formed according as they do or do not possess the third, and so on, every class being divided into two at each step. Thus the members of the population of any district may be classified into males and females; the members of each sex into sane and insane; the insane males, sane males, insane females, and sane females into blind and seeing. If we were dealing with a number of peas (Pisum sativum) of different varieties, they might be classified as tall or dwarf, with green seeds or yellow seeds, with wrinkled seeds or round seeds, so that we would have eight classes—tall with round green seeds, tall with round yellow seeds, tall with wrinkled green seeds, tall with wrinkled yellow seeds, and four similar classes of dwarf plants. 4. It may be noticed that the fact of classification does not necessarily imply the existence of either a natural or a clearly defined boundary between the two classes. The boundary may be wholly arbitrary, e.g. where prices are classified as above or below some special value, barometer readings as above or below some particular height. The division may also be vague and uncertain : sanity and insanity, sight and blindness, pass into each other by such fine gradations that judgments may R

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