An Introduction to the theory of statistics

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Identifikator:: 1751730271

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-127610

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Yule, George Udny http://d-nb.info/gnd/12910504X

Title:: An Introduction to the theory of statistics

Edition:: 8. ed. rev

Place of publication:: London

Publisher:: Griffin

Year of publication:: 1927

Scope:: XV, 422 S; Ill., Diagr

Digitisation:: 2021

Collection:: Economics Books

Usage license:: Get license information via the feedback formular.

380) THEORY OF STATISTICS. 4295/7350 0, 5°33 3844/633 . . . 6°07 9/583 02 1225/653 ! T:83 4356/527 . 827 961/486 ea 1:98 900/570 . 158 16/460 yy. 03 1156/423 273 Total x2 27°94 n' 5 iP 000012 The results are shown in the preceding table, the upper figure in each compartment of the table being the observed frequency of the corresponding pair of names. Below the observed frequency are given the independence frequency (4,,B,), and the difference dmn. It will be seen that the observed figures are not very close to the independence-values, there being apparently a marked tendency to give the same names to the two tints on any card, so that all the diagonal frequencies are in excess of the independence- values and all the others in defect. Working out x2 as shown, the total comes to 27-94, or practically 28. Since r and ¢ are both 3, #»’ must be taken as (2 x 2) +1— that is, 5. Turning up the tables in the column »’=>5, we find P=-000012—that is to say, we would only expect to find so great a divergence from independence, in random sampling, a little more than once in 100,000 trials, so the result is certainly significant. Association Tables.— When we are dealing with an association table there are only two rows and two columns, and consequently n’ must be taken as (2—1)(2—1)+ 1—that is, 2. But no column for n’ = 2 is given in Tables for Statisticians and Biometricians, the lowest value taken being n’= 3, and a supplementary table (XV. c) is not sufficiently detailed: the necessary table, reprinted by permission from the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (ref. 77), will be found at the end of this Supplement. As will be seen from the following illustrations, the required probability can also be determined from the table of areas of the normal curve, but it is very convenient to keep the arithmetic in the usual form. Example i.— (Data from Chapter III, p. 37.) The following data are there cited for colour of flower and prickliness of fruit in Datura: the independence-frequencies have been entered below the numbers of observations.

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