An Introduction to the theory of statistics

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1751730271

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-127610

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Yule, George Udny http://d-nb.info/gnd/12910504X

Title:: An Introduction to the theory of statistics

Edition:: 8. ed. rev

Place of publication:: London

Publisher:: Griffin

Year of publication:: 1927

Scope:: XV, 422 S; Ill., Diagr

Digitisation:: 2021

Collection:: Economics Books

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Chapter

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Part I. The theory of atributes

Collection:: Economics Books

; THEORY OF STATISTICS. it may become, there is no opportunity for any discussion of causation within the limits of the matter so derived. It is only when a homogeneous division is in some way introduced that we can begin to speak of associations and contingencies. 15. This may be done in various ways according to the nature of the case. Thus the relative frequencies of different botanical families, genera, or species may be discussed in connection with the topographical characters of their habitats— desert, marsh, or moor—and we may observe statistical associa- tions between given genera and situations of a given topographical type. The causes of death may be classified according to sex, or age, or occupation, and it then becomes possible to discuss the association of a given cause of death with one or other of the two sexes, with a given age-group, or with a given occupation. Again, the classifications of deaths and of occupations are repeated at successive intervals of time; and if they have remained strictly the same, it is also possible to discuss the association of a given occupation or a given cause of death with the earlier or later year of observation—i.c. to see whether the numbers of those engaged in the given occupation or succumbing to the given cause of death have increased or decreased. But in such circumstances the greatest care must be taken to see that the necessary condition as to the identity of the classifications at the two periods is fulfilled, and unfortunately it very seldom is fulfilled. All practical schemes of classification are subject to alteration and improvement from time to time, and these alterations, however desirable in themselves, render a certain number of comparisons impossible. Even where a classification has remained verbally the same, it is not necessarily really the same; thus, in the case of the causes of death, improved methods of diagnosis may transfer many deaths ‘from one heading to another without any change in the incidence of the disease, and so bring about a virtual change in the classification. In any case, heterogeneous classification should be regarded only as a partial process, incomplete until a homogeneous division is introduced either directly or indirectly, e.g. by repetition. REFERENCES. Contingency. (1) PEARSON, KARL, ‘On the Theory of Contingency and its Relation to Association and Normal Correlation,” Drapers’ Company Research Memoirs, Biometric Series i.; Dulau & Co, London, 1904. (The memoir in which the coefficient of contingency is proposed.) 72

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