Essays of Benjamin Franklin

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1752429486

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-127700

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Franklin, Benjamin http://d-nb.info/gnd/118534912

Title:: Essays of Benjamin Franklin

Place of publication:: New York

Publisher:: G. P. Putnam's Sons

Year of publication:: 1927

Scope:: xi, 273 Seiten

Digitisation:: 2021

Collection:: Economics Books

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Document type:: Monograph

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Title:: II. The interest of Great Britain considered, with regard to her colonies and the acquisitions of Canada and Guadaloupe

Collection:: Economics Books

164 THEORY OF STATISTICS. of the one set running vertically and the other horizontally, and the difference has no statistical significance, the word array has been suggested as a convenient term to denote either a row or a column. If the values of X in one array are associated with values of ¥ between the limits ¥,, —8 and Y, +38, ¥, may be termed the type of the array. (Pearson, ref. 6.) The special kind of contingency tables with which we are now concerned are called correlation tables, to distinguish them from tables based on unmeasured qualities and so forth. 3. Nothing need be added to what was said in Chapter VI. as regards the choice of magnitude and position of class-intervals. When these have been fixed, the table is readily compiled by taking a large sheet ruled with rows and columns properly headed in the same way as the final table and entering a dot, stroke, or small cross in the corresponding compartment for each pair of recorded observations. If facility of checking be of great importance, each pair of recorded values may be entered on a separate card and these dealt into little packs on a board ruled in squares, or into a divided tray; each pack can then be run through to see that no card has been mis-sorted. The difficulty as to the intermediate observations—values of the variables corresponding to divisions between class-intervals—will be met in the same way as before if the value of one variable alone be intermediate, the unit of frequency being divided between two adjacent compartments. If both values of the pair be intermediates, the observation must be divided between four adjacent compartments, and thus quarters as well as halves may occur in the table, as, e.g., in Table III. In this case the statures of fathers and sons were measured to the nearest quarter- inch and subsequently grouped by l-inch intervals: a pair in which the recorded stature of the father is 60'5 in. and that of the son 62-5 in. is accordingly entered as 0°25 to each of the four compartments under the columns 59:5-605, 60:5-61'5, and the rows 61'5-62-5, 62:5-63'5. Workers will generally form their own methods for entering such fractional frequencies during the process of compiling, but one convenient method is to use a small x to denote a unit and a dot for a quarter; the four dots should be placed in the position of the four points of the x and joined when complete. It is best to choose the limits of class-intervals, where possible, in such a way as to avoid fractional frequencies. 4. The distribution of frequency for two variables may be represented by a surface or solid in the same way as the frequency- distribution of a single variable may be represented by a plane figure. We may imagine the surface to be obtained by erecting

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