The Elements of economic geology

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Identifikator:: 1773832379

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-172798

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Gregory, John W. http://d-nb.info/gnd/11683014X

Title:: The Elements of economic geology

Place of publication:: London

Publisher:: Methuen

Year of publication:: 1928

Scope:: XIV, 312 S.; graph. Darst.

Digitisation:: 2021

Collection:: Economics Books

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Chapter

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Part IV. Engineering geology

Collection:: Economics Books

222 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY The springs are in granite, which would not provide their sodium sulphate, sodium carbonate, and sodium chloride, while the waters have also traces of lithium, arsenic, anti- mony, tin, and rubidium. The water brings up 2,000,000 1b. of sodium sulphate and carbonate a year, while the deposit of carbonate of lime chokes the channels, and causes explosions unless the outlets are re-bored. The springs vary in tempera- ture from 164° F. at Sprudelkessel, said to be the hottest spring in Europe, to 118° at Schloss Brunnen ; all the springs yield the same constituents and in the same proportions. The water obviously comes from a deep-seated source below the granite. The quantity of plutonic water is incalculable; but the amount discharged by volcanic eruptions and hot springs is enormous, and as geological time is. estimated in thousands of millions of years the contributions must represent an important addition to the surface waters. The Carlsbad springs discharge 2,000,000 gallons a day, which in 1500 million years, would have raised sea-level about 160 feet. The life of any single hot spring is probably short geologically ; but as one channel is closed another is opened elsewhere, The oceans must have been much increased by the unceasing discharge of plutonic water. Part of the flow from hot springs is meteoric water. The water of the hot springs and geysers of the Yellowstone Park in the Rocky Mountains has been claimed as surface water that has been expelled after working its way 8000 feet deep. Half the discharge from the springs of Iceland and California has also been considered to be meteoric. The efforts to explain the heat of these waters by chemical and radioactive processes are generally dismissed as unsuccessful. An American sympo- sium on hot springs (Fourn. Geol. XxXxii, 1924) concluded that the heat must be plutonic although-part of the water may be meteoric. As the heat is plutonic probably much of the water is so also (cf. A. L. Day and E. S. Shepherd, Bull. G. Soc. Amer., xxiv, 1913, p. 606). DisposaL oF RaiNraLL—Rain-water is removed from the land in three ways—run-off to the sea, return to the air by evaporation, and percolation underground. * Run-oFrF "—The *“ run-off " is determined by measuring the discharge of all the rivers. The percentage varies from

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