The Elements of economic geology

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Identifikator:: 1773832379

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-172798

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Gregory, John W. http://d-nb.info/gnd/11683014X

Title:: The Elements of economic geology

Place of publication:: London

Publisher:: Methuen

Year of publication:: 1928

Scope:: XIV, 312 S.; graph. Darst.

Digitisation:: 2021

Collection:: Economics Books

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Chapter

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Part V. Mineral fuels

Collection:: Economics Books

266 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY coal or clay. In some cannel coals the volatile material is of animal origin, and may be derived largely from fossil fish. Cannel coals are of three types—ordinary or black cannel with a ratio of carbon to hydrogen of 10 to I, and is usually coking; brown cannel, torbanite or boghead coal, the variety richest in volatile oil-producing constituents, has a ratio of carbon to hydrogen of 10 to 14, contains 20 to 30 per cent. of ash and does not coke; and earthy cannel or oil shale which contains up to 80 or 85 per cent. of ash. Torbanite was the first material used on a large scale for the distillation of mineral oil, of which it yielded 120 gallons to the ton. It is named from Torbane Hill near Bathgate in Scotland, where the first large oil shale works were estab- lished. Microscopic sections show that it consists of well- bedded layers of brown coaly material, enclosing numerous yellow bodies which have been regarded as Algae by Bertrand and Renault, and as spores by Jeffrey ; some of those bodies have been formed by the re-arrangement of organic material during the consolidation of the coal, and are similar in appear- ance to the spherocrystals of inulin found in plants. The boghead coal of Torbane Hill contained from 60 to 66 per cent. of carbon, 8 to 9 per cent. of hydrogen, 4 to 8 per cent. of oxygen, % to 1% per cent. of nitrogen, and 20 to 26 per cent. of ash. Earthy cannel or oil shale differs from torbanite by the higher proportion of ash. It yields usually between 15 and 50 gallons of oil per ton. There is a gradual increase in ash from 20 per cent. in torbanite to 82 per cent. in the lowest worked grade of oil shale (cf. p. 204). CLASSIFICATION AND ORIGIN oF COALS The arrangement of the series from wood to graphite is simple as the chemical, physical, and commercial charac- teristics agree; but it is difficult to express in one classification of coals the factors of practical value and the history and composition of the material. The modern classification of coals was founded in 1858 by H. D. Rogers, then Professor in the University of Glasgow (Geology Pennsylvania, vol. ii, pt. 2, pp. 988-95). He divided coals into five groups— anthracite, semi-anthracite, semi-bituminous, bituminous,

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