Grundzüge der Theorie der Statistik

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1782637850

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-178813

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Westergaard, Harald http://d-nb.info/gnd/117574163; Nybølle, Hans Cl. http://d-nb.info/gnd/127386696

Title:: Grundzüge der Theorie der Statistik

Edition:: 2., völlig umgearb. Aufl.

Place of publication:: Jena

Publisher:: G. Fischer

Year of publication:: 1928

Scope:: 640 Seiten

Digitisation:: 2022

Collection:: Economics Books

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Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: III. Kapitel. Das Exponentialgesetz

Collection:: Economics Books

q CONTENTS 231. Coal-mining. The change in the processes of iron manufacture stimulated the coal trade, which had been growing, through the demand for fuel in London. New enterprise was shown in mining, and in the intro- duction of pumping and other appliances. In the Newcastle district, the employers organised a system for controlling the output from each colliery; while the miners in Scotland were bondsmen, in personal subjection to their masters. . . . . . . . . . , 626 £32, Internal Communications. The improvement of internal water gommunication had often been projected, for conveying corn, and the new jemand for coal gave better prospects of profit for such undertakings. The Duke of Bridgewater constructed a canal from Worsley to Manchester with his own resources, and irom Manchester to Runcorn through the help of London Bankers; and the scheme of the Grand Junction Canal was eagerly taken up. The roads of the kingdom had been allowed to fall into disrepair, despite the efforts of parish surveyors to enforce statute duty, but turnpike roads were better maintained, In the time of Queen Anne the state of the roads hampered trade and agriculture, but the eighteenth century proprietors were sufficiently public spirited to carry out vast improvements in the country generally, Is . 532 XVI. SPIRITED PROPRIETORS AND SUBSTANTIAL TENANTS. 233. The Reaction of Commerce on the Landed Interests. The Whigs endeavoured to promote tillage, not merely by protecting the English farmer in the home market, but by giving a bounty on the export of eorn, and thus enabling the landed gentry to bear taxation, The wealthy landowners of the eighteenth century were keenly interested in new methods of cultivation, and in improved implements and buildings, and their efforts were seconded by a growing class of substantial tenants, who could make the pew system profitable, under the stimulus of expanding commerce. 540 234. Improvements in Tillage. In the seventeenth century there was much imitation of Dutch methods of raising stock and dairy farming, Improvements in tillage, in the eighteenth century, were noted by Arthur Young, who was an accurate observer of progress, and recorded some interest. ing survivals of mediaeval practice, He severely criticised thriftless ploughing and careless cultivation of beans and of turnips. He advocated the intro- duction of clover and rye grass so as to give a five-course husbandry, while Bakewell was engaged in improving the breeds of sheep and cattle. 6545 235. Agricultural Improvement and the Rural Population. The progress of improvement and enclosure put an end to subsistence farming on the part of artisans, cottiers, and small farmers ; enclosure led to the consolidation of holdings and the displacement of rural population. Different localities competed in a national market and no effort was made to maintain separate markets. The expenses of enclosure were great, and the procedure inflicted much hardship on the small farmers, who did not benefit by the high price of corn, while they lost on other produce, and were crushed by +ha hurden of rates. . 65°

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