Russian local government during the war and the Union of Zemstvos

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Identifikator:: 1794855874

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-179223

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Polner, Tichon I. http://d-nb.info/gnd/172311195

Title:: Russian local government during the war and the Union of Zemstvos

Place of publication:: New Haven

Publisher:: Yale Univ. Press

Year of publication:: 1930

Scope:: XXV, 317 S.

Digitisation:: 2022

Collection:: Economics Books

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Chapter

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Chapter I. Origin and organization of zemstvo institutions

Collection:: Economics Books

18 THE ZEMSTVOS DURING THE WAR However, this very wide sphere left to the competence of the zemstvo institutions was in practice hedged in by the narrow limits of their authority in the most essential fields. Thus, in the educa- tional domain, the zemstvo was to attend only to the economic needs of the schools (construction and maintenance of buildings, supply of books and other necessaries, payment of teachers’ salaries, etc.). It was denied the right to alter the curricula in its own schools, nor was it permitted to appoint or dismiss the teachers, and whenever it wished to open a new school it had to obtain special permission from the central authorities. Provincial and District Zemstvos. In conformity with the administrative division of the Empire into provinces and districts, the zemstvos were likewise classified as pro- vincial and district zemstvos. But the sphere of the two different institutions was not sharply separated by law; they were free to divide their work among themselves as might seem best to them as the result of practical experience. There were provinces where the provincial zemstvos at once took a leading part, and there were others where the district zemstvos for a long time stubbornly de- fended their absolute independence. In course of time, however, their respective fields were delimited, along certain broad lines, more or less uniformly in all zemstvo provinces. The provincial zemstvos took charge, to begin with, of such in- stitutions and activities as by their very nature were capable of functioning only in the more important centers of population, or whose maintenance and support would prove beyond the capacities of the district zemstvos. Among these were hospitals for the treat- ment of mental and other special diseases, homes for abandoned children, laboratories for the manufacture of serums for the preven- tion of infectious diseases and animal plagues, insurance organiza- tions, and similar institutions. The provincial zemstvos also main- tained regular staffs of experts to offer practical guidance in the work of the district zemstvos. There were also sanitary and veteri- nary organizations, agronomical staffs, organs charged with the construction and proper upkeep of roads, workshops for school equipment, exhibitions of the products of cottage industries and various other things, etc. Lastly, and mainly under the jurisdiction of the provincial zemstvos, there were certain institutions of a semi-

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