Russian local government during the war and the Union of Zemstvos

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1794855874

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-179223

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Polner, Tichon I. http://d-nb.info/gnd/172311195

Title:: Russian local government during the war and the Union of Zemstvos

Place of publication:: New Haven

Publisher:: Yale Univ. Press

Year of publication:: 1930

Scope:: XXV, 317 S.

Digitisation:: 2022

Collection:: Economics Books

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Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Chapter II. Activities of the zemstvo institutions on the eve of the war

Collection:: Economics Books

38 THE ZEMSTVOS DURING THE WAR agricultural purposes amounted to 28,900,000 rubles; and in the case of public health and veterinary work, we find that the zemstvos spent far more than the Government. In 1910, zemstvo appropria- tions for public health were 48,000,000 rubles, and for veterinary service, 4,700,000 rubles, whereas the corresponding appropriations of the Government were only 3,700,000 rubles and 2,100,000 rubles. To gain a clear conception of the vast extent of the work that was being done by the zemstvos on the eve of the War, we shall here con- sider in greater detail their operations in the several branches. Education. As we have seen, the expenditure on public instruction by the forty-three provincial and 447 district zemstvos in 1914 amounted to 106,975,000 rubles. Of this sum, 28,153,000 rubles was received by the zemstvos from the Government in the shape of a subsidy for the needs of the elementary schools, and the balance, amounting to 78,822,000 rubles, was furnished by the zemstvos. The main portion of the educational budget of the zemstvos was devoted to the pri- mary schools. As we have no exact data at our disposal, concerning the number of the zemstvo schools, we can state only approximately that they numbered about 50,000. There were about 80,000 teachers and more than 3,000,000 pupils in these schools. As the result of a program of intensive school building, the zem- stvos were able to house most of their schools in their own buildings and had no need to hire accommodation. Many zemstvos took par- ticular care in building and equipping schools in conformity with the latest requirements. Officially denied the right to intervene in the teaching in their schools, the zemstvos nevertheless found opportunity to be very ac- tive in the improvement of instruction. Six provincial zemstvos (Ryazan, Tver, St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Kazan, and Taurida) maintained their own teachers’ colleges. If other zemstvos had no such institutions, it was only because of the opposition of the Gov- ernment. Three provincial zemstvos (Tver, Yaroslav, Voronezh) shortly before the outbreak of the War established regular training courses for teachers, where the latter were given an opportunity to become acquainted with the latest methods. After the revolution of 1905, when the Government showed more confidence in the activities of the zemstvos, conventions of zemstvo

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