The agrarian system of Moslem India

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1804119261

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-188010

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Moreland, William Harrison http://d-nb.info/gnd/172263670

Title:: The agrarian system of Moslem India

Edition:: 2. ed. Reissue (d. Ausg. Cambridge) 1929; [Reprint]

Place of publication:: Delhi

Publisher:: Oriental Books, Munshiram Manoharlal

Year of publication:: 1968

Scope:: XVII, 296 S.

Digitisation:: 2022

Collection:: Economics Books

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APPENDIX A 211 is, they may refer to any claim made by the State against an individual, whether it be for Demand, or for a debt, or for property misappropriated, or for the balance of an account. So far as I can find, the two words are synonymous. 5. MuTALaBA. In the earlier literature this word denotes “the process of demanding.” The modern use as “Demand” seems to occur first in the Badshihnama (II. 365); it is well established in Khwifi Khan. 6. ManusUL.—This word does not occur in any general sense, and its technical use is ambiguous. Ordinarily it means Demand, but in some cases it certainly denotes Produce, and, in a few, average-Produce. Khwaifi Khin sometimes distinguished the first two senses by writing mahsul-i jinsi for Produce, and mahsiil-i mal for Demand (e.g. i. 731, 734); but as a rule he, like the earlier writers, used the word by itself, and the context is the only guide to its interpretation. The earliest writers usually meant Demand, and this sense prevails throughout the unofficial literature. A clear instance of “Produce” is Ain, i. 286, which refers to the mahsil having been removed from the field; another is in Aurangzeb’s farmian to Muhammad Hashim, where (4, 14) the Demand is fixed at half the mahsil; and there are a few cases elsewhere in which the word can be read as Produce, but they are not entirely free from ambiguity. The special meaning of ““average-Produce,” occurs in Ain, I. 297 ff, and there is no doubt about it, because we have a formal definition, followed by numerical examples, showing how the average was calculated. The same sense is appropriate In one or two other passages in the Ain, but I think it must be regarded purely as office-jargon, and it would be dangerous to read it into the unofficial literature. 7. HAsiL, which is etymologically related to mahsil, has, like it, the two meanings of Demand and Produce ; and the two words are sometimes used for the sake of variety of diction, as when Jahangir wrote (Tizuk, 252), that there is no mabhsiil on fruit-trees, and that the hasil is remitted when cultivated land is planted as a garden. Here the word obviously means Demand; equally clearly it means Produce in thé phrase hukm-i hasil, which Ziya Barni uses to denote assessment by Sharing. The commonest use of the word 1s, however, to denote Income: n this use it is contrasted with Valuation, as in the passages

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