The agrarian system of Moslem India

Bibliographic data

Monograph

Identifikator:: 1804119261

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-188010

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Moreland, William Harrison http://d-nb.info/gnd/172263670

Title:: The agrarian system of Moslem India

Edition:: 2. ed. Reissue (d. Ausg. Cambridge) 1929; [Reprint]

Place of publication:: Delhi

Publisher:: Oriental Books, Munshiram Manoharlal

Year of publication:: 1968

Scope:: XVII, 296 S.

Digitisation:: 2022

Collection:: Economics Books

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2)] om APPENDIX C 231 [II. FirUz SHAH'S SECOND REGULATION. (Text, Barni, 574; no published translation has come to my notice. The chapter containing this Regulation, along with several others, is highly eulogistic and rhetorical, and too great weight must not be given to all the assertions which it contains, but there is no reason to distrust the account of the general policy adopted by Firuz). j= ‘e = + ts [o)] oO ~ oS J > © < © a = T° - n V = ed so) QO ™~ Poe N~ m 1. Second regulation. It was ordered that the revenue- Demand and the poll-tax(1) shall be collected according to the “rule of the produce”; 2. and “apportionments,” and “increase of demands,” and “ crop-failures,” and “large demands based on surmise,” were entirely removed from among the peasants(z); 3. and revenue-farmers and land-wreckers and enhancement- mongers(3) were not allowed to infest the provinces and the kinedom. +. And a reduction was made in the mahsiul-i mu‘malati(4), so that the peasants may pay willingly without difficulty or severity ; (5) and no roughness or violence was used towards the ~ultivators, who are the keepers of the treasury(5) of Moslems. Notes. (1) The reference to the poll-tax, jiziya, is puzzling. According to Afif (383), this tax in Delhi was a fixed sum per head payable in cash. [t is possible that, in the case of peasants, it may have been assessed along with the revenue, and varied with it; but it is equally possible that the phrase is loose, ‘‘ revenue and poll-tax "’ being used to describe the liabilities of non-Moslem subjects in general terms. {z2) This clause must be read as enumerating the familiar exactions on the peasants. Apportionments, gismat, and crop-failures, nabudha, occur in the preceding passage. Mu‘taddha is there taken as exactions of considerable amount, and the addition here of tasawwuri must mean that these exactions were arbitrary, ‘‘ based on surmise.” (3) This clause also is an echo of part of the previous passage, referring to the various pests that appeared naturally in connection with the revenue-assessment. (4) Mabhstil-i mu'amalati. 1 have not found any parallel passage to indicate the meaning of this phrase. From the context, it appears to denote some impost on the peasants, different from the khardj or revenue, but its nature is a matter for conjecture. (5) "Treasury, bait-ul-mal. This is a precise phrase of Islamic law, denoting the receptacle for kharaj and other sources of income which were in theory for the benefit of Moslems in general, though by this time in {india they were in fact part of the revenue of the State. 3 3 iy ~ O « OO NN Qo ’ ™m oO : N 2 O wf Pg) A sl - 8 ‘8 R34 = . -o ec Oo 8 : ~~ 3B ~Q S — «2 Q ON 3 0 1 0) 20) 3 N x N 2) y

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