The Socialism of to-day

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 835096955

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-28834

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Laveleye, Émile de

Title:: The Socialism of to-day

Place of publication:: London

Publisher:: Field & Tuer

Year of publication:: 1884

Scope:: 1 Online-Ressource (XLIV, 331 S.)

Collection:: Economics Books

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200 THE SOCIALISM OF TO-DAY. factor of ethnographical units which, far from being played out, is in full activity to-day, the regime here proposed by Bakunin is no other than that which is in full force in Switzerland and in the United States. By a singular change, the revolutionaries of to-day desire to push federalism even to the subdivision of a country, the very crime against “ France one and indivisible ” which sent the Girondists to the guillotine. As we have seen, in 1872 Marx caused Bakunin to be expelled from the International. The next year, when the Fede ration of the Jura had constituted a new universal association, Bakunin retired from militant life and lived near Locarno, in a little villa given to him by his old friend Cañero. His health was thoroughly shattered. He went to Berne so as to be under the care of his friend Vogt, a physician, and on the 2nd of July, 1876, he died there. His writings are neither numerous nor important. The two principal ones are entitled LEmpire Knouto-germanique ct la Révolution Sociale, and La Théologie politique de Mazzini et VInternationale. Like all apostles, it was by oral propaganda, by the enthusiastic disciples which he made, and by the institutions which he created, that his influence made itself felt. Let us see what were these institutions, and what were the doctrines they were to spread. The Alliance of the Socialist Democracy, founded by Bakunin in 1869, was a society half public, like the Interna tional, and half secret, like Carbonarism. It was composed of three sections. The first was formed by the “ International brothers” to the number of one hundred. They were the leaders of the movement ; they were known to each other, but they were not made known to the uninitiated. “Their only country was the universal revolution, their only enemies the reaction.” They must accept the programme in all its con- quences, theoretical and practical, unite with intelligence and discretion the most absolute revolutionary passion, and be regular “dare-devils.” The second section was composed of the “ National brothers,” who were appointed by the Interna tional brothers, whose duty was to prepare the revolution in their respective countries, independently, and who were to be kept in ignorance of the very existence of an International

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