542
Index
Sweden— Continued
and rural districts, 1881-1907,
206; by destination, 1861-1908,
205; Immigration: to,206; 1881-
1908, 207; Recent industrial
development: 207; Rural emigra
tion: decline of, due to small
demand for farm help in the
U. S., 205, 206
Swedes, 52, 75, 79, 161, 170-172,
198, 255, 262, 267, 268, 328,
([Seealso: Scandinavians; North
ern and Western Europe)
T
Tenement houses, (See also:
Congestion; Home Ownership;
Housing Conditions); One-family
residence: made over into, 229;
Past and present: in Boston, 241;
Unsanitary conditions: in the
old Irish and German colonies
of New York City, 232
Textile mills, percentage of
immigrants from Southern and
Eastern Europe employed,
1880-1900, 379
Tractability, of old and new
immigrants, 346
Trade-unions, (See also: Labor
Organizations); mostly confined
to skilled occupations, 346, 377
Twelve-hour, day, (See: Iron
and Steel Workers)
U
Undesirable immigration, defi
nition of, 41
Unemployment, 114-147; Aus
tralia: 145; Bituminous coal
miners: 132; collated with
variation of the percentage of
foreign-bom miners, 134: Causes:
4, 114-125; Coal mines: part
time employment in lieu of u.,
434: Cotton mills: 132; Cyclical
variations: 1888-1908, in Mas
sachusetts, 138; Factory workers:
u. among, and immigration,
Massachusetts, 139; Foreign-
born: variation of the percentage
of, collated with u., by areas,
130, 131; by geographical divi
sions, 128; in inverse ratio to u.,
129; Immigration: and u., 125-
147. 432, 433, 434; not a con
tributory cause of, 145; varies
inversely with, 5; Labor reserve:
124, 125; Manufactures: aver
age number of .male wage-
earners employed, by months,
118; variations by States, 129:
Measure: of, 121, 122; Monthly
variations: in the State of New
York, 1902-1909, 122; Native:
and foreign-bom workmen
equally affected by, 125, 126;
Occupational variations: 131;
collated with per cent of foreign-
born, 133, 508; Restriction of
immigration: no relief for u., 35,
490, 491; Remedies: 146;
Seasoned variations: 115; Un
skilled laborers: 132; Working
days: number of, in New York,
1897-1908, 142, 143; in Penn
sylvania coal mines, 1901-1909,
140
United Kingdom, 178, 209-215,
520-522, (See also: Ireland;
Northern and Western Europe);
Emigration by destination: gross,
1840-1909, 212, 518; net, 1895-
1909, 213, 214; Immigration: to
the U. S., from, 1890-1909,
not below normal, 213
United mine workers, (See also:
Coal Miners; Labor Organiza
tions); growth of, 447; wage
conferences with mine operators
in the bituminous coal fields,
4391 450
Unskilled laborers, (See also:
Agriculture: Family Budgets;
Hours of Labor; Housing Con
ditions; Illiteracy; Iron and
Steel Workers; Labor Organiza
tions; Occupations of Immi
grants; Racial Displacement;
Rolling Mills; Slavs; Unem
ployment; Woolen and Worsted
Mills); Craft unions: barred
from, 346; interests conflicting,
with, 348; Displacement: of
native, by immigrants, none,
156, 157: Increase: of the
number of, by race and nativity,
1890-1900, 156; Iron and steel
mills: wages rising, 397; Pre
dominant among the immigrants:
