2. The breaking of the syndikate, and, with this, of the power
and prestige of national combinations.
3. The raising of the prices, as a consequence of international
or foreign monopolies, following an occasional but at any
rate temporary reduction of the prices of certain mineral raw
materials; such a raise, of course, proving detrimental to the
remaining industries whose power of competing in the world’s
market is by this broken.
4. Together with its industry, the remaining power and strength
of the state begins to decline, this affecting also its defensive
force; and the result of all this is a condition of dependence,
in other respects too; the state losing its oversea outlets for
export goods, at last is no longer able to give work to its in-
habitants or to provide for them.
5. Emigration, a decrease in the population, a general state of
decline and dependence are the ultimate results.
Wherever these dangers of onesided, uncontrollable or anti-
national exploitation of deposits were recognized, a legislative re-
action set in which, to be sure, in its turn migtht easily go too
far. By the creating or increasing of the number of fiscal under-
takings, by the declaration of state monopolies, by the intro-
duction of the principle of issuing special licenses in places of gran-
ting mining-rights to anybody claiming them according to the
existing laws; yes even by approaching the former principal of
concentrating the general direction of both producing and marke-
ting in the hands of a governmental body; by the allotment of
sale and the limiting of prices at home as well as abroad, by a
partial exclusion of foreign competitors and, finally, by measures
partaining to the tariff-policy of the national means of communi-
cation. These are the various means by which the governments
of the different countries trie to supplement or to replace those
mining-laws which have remained behind the times becoming
either too broad or too narrow. Everywhere a new ore-deposit-legi8-
lation is setting in which starts from principles of a new kind and
has to depend upon the latest geological knowledge. This legis-
lation must likewise be supported hy a scientific code of theory
T 1
