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SUBMISSION

101

occur in case of subordination to a group. The monarchy
is, however, the archetype and the primary form of all superior-inferior
 relations. Its form seems so effective that it
even continues to exist in situations and institutions which
have arisen from reactions against monarchy. The American
 president, the Athenian archon, and the Roman consul
 were, with certain restrictions, the heirs to the royal
power of which the kings had been robbed by revolution.
Even the democracy of the French Revolution was nothing
but an inverted monarchy, and Rousseau’s “general will”
had all the attributes of an absolute personal sovereignty.!

Subordination to a Group

Subordination to a group occurs in two different forms.
The superior may be a crowd, a group of individuals actually
 assembled and in close spatial proximity. But the superior
 group may also be an abstract unity manifesting a
more or less permanent existence in an objective social
structure. In this class falls the subordination of an individual
 to his state. to his church, or to any organized assoration.


In subordination to an objective structure, the superiorinferior
 relationship itself obtains a more or less objective
character. The participation of the superior in the relationship
 loses its subjective aspects and obtains a superindividual
 character. Sentiments, feelings, and emotions
are excluded from the participation of the superior, and the
relationship becomes more or less cold and factual. It depends,
 therefore, on the type of relationship that is advantageous
 to the subordinate whether subordination to a
group is better or worse than subordination to an individual.
 In great modern enterprises which either are corporations
 or are administered in an equally impersonal man-L
 Soz., pp. 141-63.