oe 
t 
J 
oe 
{ 
Q 
<Q 
1 
k 
1g 
BP. 
1€ 
mn 
fl. 
1e 
“ey 
e 
Pe 
Je 
or 
"mn 
(H 
SUBMISSION 
101 
occur in case of subordination to a group. The monarchy 
is, however, the archetype and the primary form of all su- 
perior-inferior relations. Its form seems so effective that it 
even continues to exist in situations and institutions which 
have arisen from reactions against monarchy. The Ameri- 
can president, the Athenian archon, and the Roman con- 
sul were, with certain restrictions, the heirs to the royal 
power of which the kings had been robbed by revolution. 
Even the democracy of the French Revolution was nothing 
but an inverted monarchy, and Rousseau’s “general will” 
had all the attributes of an absolute personal sovereignty.! 
Subordination to a Group 
Subordination to a group occurs in two different forms. 
The superior may be a crowd, a group of individuals actu- 
ally assembled and in close spatial proximity. But the su- 
perior group may also be an abstract unity manifesting a 
more or less permanent existence in an objective social 
structure. In this class falls the subordination of an indi- 
vidual to his state. to his church, or to any organized asso- 
ration. 
In subordination to an objective structure, the superior- 
inferior relationship itself obtains a more or less objective 
character. The participation of the superior in the rela- 
tionship loses its subjective aspects and obtains a super- 
individual character. Sentiments, feelings, and emotions 
are excluded from the participation of the superior, and the 
relationship becomes more or less cold and factual. It de- 
pends, therefore, on the type of relationship that is advan- 
tageous to the subordinate whether subordination to a 
group is better or worse than subordination to an individ- 
ual. In great modern enterprises which either are corpora- 
tions or are administered in an equally impersonal man- 
L Soz., pp. 141-63.