220 THE SOCIAL THEORY OF GEORG SIMMEL

natural economy and the money payment the factual obligation.
 The personality is then completely divorced from
the product and at full liberty to obtain that money in
whatever way it may choose.
But the introduction of the money economy means not
only an increased liberty in social life, but also an enrichment
 of social life, an increase in social values. What the
objectivation of culture obtains in a substantial form,
money obtains in a functional form. The objectivation of
culture means the creation of objective values in which all
can participate without depriving one another. The introduction
 of money means the mobilization of values, the
possibility of transfer by exchange without loss to either
party.
This enrichment began with the invention of exchange
as a substitute for gift or theft. Gift and theft meant only
the satisfaction of subjective impulses. Exchange means
an objective valuation and a reciprocity between subjects
instead of a mere one-sided possession and a one-sided desire.
 It means an exchange of possessions under conditions
 of justice. But it means more than a were relative
formal justice. It means also an increase in subjective enjoyment,
 an increase in subjective values.
The substitution of buying and selling for primitive
barter allows a more complete realization of these two principles
 implied in exchange. The fact that money can be
subdivided into minute parts makes it possible to weigh
the value of an object in terms of money more precisely
than in terms of other objects. Again, the new form of exchange
 gives to the one what he needs specifically and to
the other what everybody needs in general and what he
can therefore immediately exchange for what he needs
specifically. Money creates a form of exchange which permits
 the realization of a maximum of subjective enjoyment.