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CHAPTER II 
SOCIOLOGY 
THE STUDY OF THE FORMS OF SOCIALIZATION 
N THE nineteenth century men came to realize that 
i all human activity ran its course within society and 
that nothing could withdraw itself from its influence. 
It was consequently deduced that everything which was 
not science of external nature must be science of society. 
Since the subject-matter of ethics and of the history of 
civilization, of aesthetics and demography, of politics and 
ethnology, was to be found within the framework of soci- 
ety, society appeared as the inclusive territory in which all 
these sciences congregated. In other words, the study of 
man became the study of society. 
This realization that man in his whole nature and in 
all its expressions is determined by the fact that he lives 
in reciprocal relations with other men, led to a new way of 
thinking in the field of the humanities. Historical facts 
in the broadest sense of the word, the contents of culture, 
the systems of production, the norms of morality, could 
no longer be explained solely in terms of the individual 
and his interests. But there was also no longer any neces- 
sity for having recourse to metaphysical or magical origins 
where this explanation failed. Historical phenomena could 
now be explained by the interactions and co-operations of 
individuals, by the aggregation and sublimation of count- 
less separate contributions, and by the materialization of 
social energies in structures which exist and develop out- 
side of the individuals.