STATUS OF IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES 151 
refining, clothing and furniture manufacturing, in the 
making of agricultural implements and vehicles, in oil 
refining and bituminous coal mining. Magyars are 
also well distributed, the greatest numbers being found 
in iron and steel manufacturing, bituminous coal min- 
ing, agricultural implements, silk dyeing, and sugar 
refining. The Poles engage in all classes of industries, 
the largest proportions being employed in sugar re 
fineries, agricultural implement and vehicle establish 
ments, cotton mills, furniture factories, bituminous 
coal mines, slaughtering and meat packing, and leather 
manufacturing. The Portuguese are not wage-earners 
in any considerable numbers outside the cotton mills. 
The Rumanians, who appear in small numbers in 
several different industries, have their largest rep 
resentation in railroad and other construction work 
and in iron and steel manufacturing. Russians are 
extensively engaged in sugar refining, slaughtering 
and meat packing, the manufacture of clothing and 
in bituminous coal mining. The Slovak race is 
most largely employed in bituminous coal mining, oil 
refining, and iron and steel manufacturing. In the 
minor industries, foreign-born workmen are found in 
varying proportions. In small manufactures where 
skill and experience are required of employees, the 
native Americans and older immigrants from northern 
and western Europe predominate. Where machinery 
is used, southern and eastern Europeans have usually 
found a lodgment in the working forces. Sixty per 
cent, or more of the male portion of the operating 
forces in carpet, cutlery and tools, rope, twine and 
hemp, and zinc-smelting manufacturing establish- 
ments, as well as 50 to 60 per cent, in car building 
and repairing, foundry and machine-shop products,