(6 Property and Inheritance. 
by centralised direction. The technique of industrial 
administration—modern account-keeping, planning 
and designing departments, etc.—makes the tendency 
economical. And the ever-widening range of com- 
mercial exchanges (when not interrupted by wars) 
exercises a steady pressure towards larger and larger 
scale. 
The tendency is shown in democratically governed, 
as well as in privately administered enterprises. 
The Civil Servant has a greater control over the 
people affected by his work, and a wider discretion, 
than his predecessor of fifty years ago ; just because 
social development has brought more within the 
scope of his job and created the need for his dis- 
cretionary action. The trade union secretary has 
a bigger function, affecting more members, and 
requiring greater freedom of action on his part, just 
because unions must be bigger to do their work, 
and the day-to-day decisions that have to be taken 
cannot wait on the ascertainment by a slow and 
lengthy democratic procedure of the individual mem- 
ber’s will. The Co-operative Movement shows the 
tendency to concentration in a very marked degree ; 
societies are bigger and do a larger and more varied 
trade; hence the responsibilities and powers of 
directors and managers are bigger. "Municipal trad- 
ing and the administration of statutory authorities 
have afforded some of the most glaring instances of 
autocratic behaviour on the part of administrative 
heads. 
We may sum up this tendency by saying that the 
technological development of industry has created 
a new order of social authority ; this authority arises 
from, and depends on, the productive organisation ; 
it is, therefore, independent of the varying arrange- 
ments that may be made about the ownership of 
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