EMPLOYMENT PSYCHOLOGY, LABOR, AND INDUSTRY 385 
for the recent dearth of labor is that labor has been so 
cheap in the past that we have come to depend on it as 
wholly as the South, at one time, depended on slavery. 
Dirty work is no more necessary now than slavery was then. 
To make dirty work less dirty requires only a little thought 
and ingenuity. It is not an inescapable evil. The same 
may be said about arduous physical labor. To eliminate 
or ameliorate the objectionable conditions, when in the 
course of progress they become objectionable, is only 
another little problem for man’s inventive and mechan 
ical ingenuity to meet. And, queerly enough, education, 
at the same time at which it develops men and women 
who find dirty and monotonous work objectionable, also 
develops the skill and knowledge by which these objec 
tionable features can be removed. So far as industry 
goes, there can never be a superabundance of educated 
people, even though managers are sometimes put to it to 
make use of intelligent workers in an intelligent way. 
The other contention, that education will make workers 
dissatisfied with the highly specialized and monotonous 
types of work brought about by the invention of machin 
ery and thereby retard industrial progress, may be an 
swered in much the same way. Education can never hope 
to solve the problem of labor turnover by attempting to 
create artisans and craftsmen of the old type. This is 
one of the pretty dreams of retrospective Utopians, and 
runs counter to the entire trend of productive civilization. 
Not by the abolition of machinery but by a further and 
an even undreamed-of development of mechanical devices 
will education help solve the problem of labor turnover. 
Machines must more and more be made to do the work 
for which labor is becoming scarce or which labor is un 
willing to do. But instead of workers being mated to a