CYCLICAL FLUCTUATIONS IN MIGRATION 145
table, showing the percentage decline in the depression years ending
June 30, 1904, 1908, 1911, and 1922, respectively, as compared with
the number of arrivals in the relatively high years immediately
preceding.
Table 39
PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN DEPRESSION YEARS
Year ending June 30 Male immigration Female immigration
1904 —10.4 + 8.1
1908 —45.5 —22.3
1911 —22.6 + 1.0
1922 —66.7 —55.1
In 1904 and 1911, the immigration of females even increased
slightly, and in each of the other two depression years the decrease
was less than that in male immigration of the corresponding period.
The greater stability of the movement of incoming alien females
is further illustrated in Chart 27, on an earlier page in this chapter.
The fluctuations in neither ‘female immigrants” nor ‘‘female non-
immigrants’ are as decided as the corresponding fluctuations in the
number of arriving male aliens. This fact is particularly noticeable
prior to the war.
Emigration by Sex.
The number of outgoing females is somewhat less variable than
that of males. For example, in 1909, when industrial conditions in
the United States were improving, the decline in the number of
departing females is relatively smaller; likewise in 1917, and again
in 1921 and 1922.
The less pronounced movement of female emigration is illustrated
by the curves in Chart 28, on page 143. All the curves—male and
female emigrant and male and female nonemigrant—fell sharply
during the war, but in both the pre-war and post-war periods, the
fluctuations in female departures are somewhat less violent than
those of male departures. There are exceptions to this tendency,
such as the decline in “emigrant” females in 1924.
Inasmuch as ordinarily there are no marked differences in direction
in the fluctuations of the emigration of the sexes, and as males are
numerically the larger element in the total, for both emigrants and
nonemigrants the curves for the combined numbers of males and
females closely resemble the curves for males alone, although their
fluctuations are toned down slightly by the lesser fluctuations of
the female element.
