: MIGRATION AND BUSINESS CYCLES
1913), a high degree of agreement between fluctuations in economic
conditions in these two countries.
The reader may form his own conclusions concerning the degree
of this similarity by examining the composite indices for the United
States and Great Britain in Chart 40 or 41. The general similarity
is fairly obvious, but so also are certain differences. The British
turn in 1879, and also in 1886, is a year later than the corresponding
movement in the United States; a decline in 1888 and 1889 does
not appear in the index for the United Kingdom as it does in the
composite index for the United States; 1892 is a year of improve-
ment in the United States but not in Great Britain; the index for
the latter country recovered in 1894 but that for the United States
continued to decline; the decline of 1896 in this country has no
equivalent movement in Great Britain until 1897 and continues
there in 1898; the boom in the early part of the century came in
1900 in Great Britain and in 1902 in the United States; and the
depression of 1908 continued in 1909 in Great Britain, but the latter
country did not experience a depression in 1911.
Peculiarities in the Immigration from the United Kingdom.
We have a graphic representation of the changes in the movement
of immigration from England and Ireland in Chart 32, page 156,
covering the years ending June 30, 1880 to 1914. In terms of the
conditions shown by our industrial composite for the United King-
dom, in the boom years of the early eighties, immigration was high,
particularly from England in 1882 and Ireland in 1883. With the
industrial decline to 1885 and 1886, immigration likewise declined.
The next peak in immigration appears in 1888, simultaneously with
a period of business revival in Great Britain. The next ten years
are marked by a decline in the number of immigrants from England
and Ireland, varied only by a slight recovery in Irish immigration
in 1891 and an accentuated decline for both countries in 1894, fol-
lowed by a temporary recovery in 1895. If we allow for a few
months lag, we find some movements which suggest that bad con-
ditions in the United Kingdom diminish emigration, and some
which indicate the contrary. The decline in 1894 follows the de-
pression of 1893, the rise in 1895 follows the temporary revival in
Great Britain in 1894, and the accentuated decline in the year
ending June 30, 1909, accompanies depression conditions in Great
Britain. But, on the other hand, the immigration boom, particularly
8Dorothy S. Thomas, Social Aspects of the Business Cycle, pp. 149-151.
78
