Hi MIGRATION AND BUSINESS CYCLES 
The differences in the seasonal tendencies of male and female 
immigration are indicated in Chart 48. The four curves represent 
male immigrants, male nonimmigrants, female immigrants, and 
female nonimmigrants, respectively, for each of the five years from 
1909 to 1913, plotted on a ratio scale so that equal percentage 
changes are represented by equal vertical changes. Only the 
shape of these curves and not the position of a curve on the chart 
is significant. Each of the four series shows a decidedly regular 
and characteristic seasonal fluctuation throughout this five-year 
period. The spring peak is marked for the male series, both im- 
migrant and nonimmigrant; but the fall peak is almost as large as 
the spring peak for the female immigrant series, and is decidedly 
higher for the female nonimmigrant series. As would be expected, 
it is evident from these curves that the immigration of women, 
particularly of the nonimmigrant group, is less affected than is male 
immigration by the inducements which create the spring peak in 
the incoming movement, including the desire to be on hand for the 
summer boom in employment which, as we shall see presently, 
occurs particularly in outdoor employment. 
To facilitate comparison with other series, two sets of indices of 
seasonal fluctuations in male immigration have been computed. 
One of these is based upon data for the period from 1893 to 1913, 
inclusive (see Table 58 and Chart 54). The second computation, 
based upon data for the period from January, 1909, to June, 1914 
(Table 53 and Chart 49), was prepared for use in comparisons with 
other elements in migration for which statistics are available only 
during a few years prior to the war. The seasonal movements in- 
dicated by these two computations are, in general, similar. The 
spring peak is somewhat less pronounced when only the shorter 
period is considered; but whether the shorter or the longer period 
from 1893 to 1913 are used, male immigration exhibits a seasonal 
variation with a low point in mid-winter (January) and a slight rise 
in February, followed in March, April, and May by three months 
of very large immigration. After May, the movement declines 
rapidly and remains low through the balance of the year with a 
moderate recovery in the early fall. 
Various noteworthy differences among the seasonal movements 
of the several classes of arrivals are illustrated in Chart 49. 
Citizens and Aliens. 
The three curves in Fig. A, of Chart 49, represent, respectively, 
returning citizens of the United States, alien immigrants, and alien 
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