2 MIGRATION AND BUSINESS CYCLES 
index for bituminous coal and also for anthracite coal, both based 
on production; in Fig. C, the index for selected outdoor industries; 
and in Fig. D, the index for all selected industries. To avoid a 
possible misinterpretation of the relative violence of the seasonal 
fluctuations in the several industries, it should be noted that for 
each of the sections in Chart 54, Scale 2, for employment, has a 
different scale unit. 
TABLE 58.—INDICES OF SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS IN MIGRATION AND IEMPLOYMENT® 
Monthly average = 100 
MIGRATION EMPLOYMENT 
ee re — 
SELECTED 
Monn EA it OTTDOOR bi 
ERR 5 Saal INDUSTRIES y 
A B C D 
Jan... 51.7 96.2 69. 4 94.9 
ab, 67.8 60.0 69.7 95.3 
Mar.. . 139.7 70.2 77.2 97.0 
Apr... 163.4 76.8 88.2 | 97.4 
May. . 162.6 79.7 106.7 100.5 
June. . 122.3 87.6 115.6 102.4 
July .. 83.9 96.4 121.9 102.2 
Aug. .. 77.4 95.8 128.7 104.3 
Sept... 85.2 95.0 121.8 104.4 
Oct. .. 90.1 108.0 115.5 104.1 
Nov... 83.6 167.5 104.1 101.2 
Dec. . . 7.7 166.1 S1.2 96.5 
aThe bases of the respective indices are: 
A. Male immigrants, January, 1893, to December, 1913. (See Table II, in Appendix). 
B. Male emigrants, January, 1910, to June, 1914. 
C. A composite of indices for railway maintenance and construction (see Tables 56 and 57), weighted 
according to numbers employed in 1909. 
D. A composite of the indices for factory employment, bituminous and anthracite coal mining, rail- 
= maintenance and construction (see Tables 56 and 57), weighted according to numbers employed in 
Factory Employment (Fig. A, Chart 54). 
Immigration agrees only moderately well with the seasonal fluctua- 
tions in factory employment. The peak in factory employment is 
reached earlier in the year, hence the bulk of the immigrants arrive 
after the maximum demand has passed. Both series exhibit a 
summer decline, a fall recovery, and a slump late in the year. For 
most of the year emigration is increasing while factory employment 
is decreasing, and vice versa. Emigration declines in February, 
due partly to the length of the month, while factory employment is 
increasing, and increases from March to July while factory em- 
203