IMMIGRATION PRIOR TO 1890 
General Similarity. 
The cyclical curves for quarterly imports of men and of mer- 
chandise, exhibited in Chart 12, reveal marked similarities in their 
major swings. Both show a marked boom in the early seventies, 
TABLE 19.—CvyCLES IN MALE IMMIGRATION AND IMPORTS OF MERCHANDISE, 
BY QUARTERS, 1868-1889 
Percentage deviations from trend, corrected for seasonal variation and expressed 
in terms of the standard deviations (29.77 per cent for male immigration and 12.05 per 
cent for imports). 
MALE IMMIGRATION MERCHANDISE IMPORTS 
YEAR QUARTER ENDING QUARTER ENDING 
i MAR. JUNE | Seer. Dec. Mar. ' June | Seer. DE. 
31 30 30 31 31 30 30 31 
1868 —0.24 —0.59 40.10 —0.11 | —1.21 —1.31 —1.00 —1.20 
1869 +0.21 40.42 40.47 40.70 | —0.27 —0.17 —0.90 —0.80 
1870 +0.50 + +0.14 —0.05 —0.69 | —0.88 —0.76 —0.44 —0.04 
1871 —0.89 —0.35 —0.10 +0.56 | 40.66 +0.61 41.05 +1.24 
1872 +1.13 +0.64 +0.57 +1.04 +1.24 +2.32 +2.20 +1.43 
1873 +1.42 +1.98 +0.28 +0.30, +1.82 +0.75 -+0.80 —0.15 
1874 —0.40 40.29 —0.50 —0.57 | +0.47 40.38 +0.11 40.26 
1875 —0.42 —0.43 —0.92 —1.03 | +0.04 —0.43 —0.42 —0.56 
1876 —0.47 —0.69 —1.11 —1.21 1 —0.48 —1.64 —1.78 —1.10 
1877 —1.32 —1.36 —1.62 —1.691 —0.74 —0.10 —0.85 —0.53 
1878 —1.59 —1.79 —1.50 —1.63 —1.76 —1.96 —1.30 —1.06 
1879 —1.79 —1.77 —0.60 +40.351 —1.78 —1.78 —0.73 +1.56 
1880 40.86 +0.53 +2.20 +1.39 | +1.78 42.24 40.92 40.34 
1881 +0.79 —1.12 +1.76 42.14" —0.17 +4+0.53 +0.73 +1.39 
1882 +2.81 +1.76 +0.74 +0.04 + +1.23 +1.48 +1.71 +1.07 
1883 +0.13 40.44 —0.38 —0.13 -+0.32 +0.22 —0.01 40.41 
1884 | +0.07 —0.24 —0.85 —1.12 | 40.09 —0.49 —0.47 —1.22 
1885 —1.21 —0.92 —1.31' —1.41 | —1.68 —1.46 —0.87 —0.43 
1886 —0.86 —0.78 +0.02 +4+0.23 + —0.44 —0.44 +0.09 —0.11 
1887 +0 62 +0.48 +0.83 40.53 —0.07 +0.27 -+0.31 —0.02 
L888 +078 +0.79 +0.28 —0.46 +0.26 —0.06 —0.29 —0.08 
1889 " —0.69 —0.65 —0.36 + —0.38 + +0.18 +0.16 -+0.19 —0.20 
sComputed from quarterly statistics of male immigrants in Table I of appendix, and from statistics of 
imports published by the U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce in the Monthly Summary of 
Commerce and Finance. For methods of adjusting for seasonal variation and trend, see Chapter IV. 
followed by a long decline; another boom in 1880, followed by a 
short recession and a new peak in 1882; then a decline to a low in 
1885 and a recovery in the late eighties. The import recovery in 
1877, however, finds no comparable movement in immigration. 
" g 
7