330
MANNHEIM.
Formerly the town levied octroi upon bread, meat, and other articles of
consumption. This tax is now restricted to beer and wine, and the proceeds
amounted in 1904 to 2s. 2bd. per head of the population. The State, however,
levies a special tax on meat. The tax on animals slaughtered within the Duchy
is 4s. per head for cattle with a dead weight of less than 440 lb., 65. from 440 to
550 lb., and from 65. to 115. for animals above that weight ; while the tax on
meat imported into the Duchy from other States is about Gd. per stone.
Occupations, Wages, and Hours of Labour.
It is specially characteristic of Mannheim that its staple industries are overwhelmingly
carried on by adult male labour ; the industries in which female and
juvenile labour as a rule plays a great part take an insignificant position here. Of
the industries controlled by the Factory Inspectors—and they represent, broadly,
the entire industrial population—the principal are the engineering and metal
industries, the leather and rubber, chemical, and wood industries, the industries
producing food, drinks, and tobacco, and the clothing and chemical cleaning
industry ; and of these only the last is predominantly a women’s industry, the
percentage of female employees being 92‘2. Of the 26,932 industrial workpeople
enumerated by the Factory Inspectors on October 2nd, 1905, 80'5 per cent, were
males, and 92*3 per cent, were adults, i.e., over 16 years of age. In the largest
industry of all, that connected with the manufacture of machinery, instruments,
and apparatus, 96 2 per cent, of the workpeople were adults, and 93*3
per cent, were adult males. In the metal working industry 92'7 per cent,
were adults, and 89T per cent, adult males. In the leather and rubber
industry 89*8 per cent, were adults, and 65 5 per cent, adult males. In
the wood industries 84*5 per cent, were adults, and 70 per cent, adult
males. In the industries producing food and drinks 94*3 per cent, were
adults, and 61 per cent, adult males. In the clothing and cleaning industries
78*7 per cent, of the workpeople were adults. After the last-named industries,
with their 92 2 per cent, of female workers, representing 27 per cent, of all
females employed, the industries offering most outlets to women and girls were
the leather and rubber industry, with 15*4 per cent, of the whole, and the food
industries with 18'9 per cent. The textile industries employed only 7'7 per
cent, of the female workers. Of the 4,227 adult female workers of the town,
21*2 per cent, were married. The following table classifies in detail the industrial
workpeople enumerated in October, 1905 :—
Group of Trades.
Building ... ... ... ... •••
Mining and smelting
Metal working
Machine, implement,and apparatus making
Textiles ... ... ... ... ...
Clothing and cleaning
Printing, lithography, bookbinding, &c. ...
Paper ... . ... ... ... ...
Woodworking and carving
Chemicals
Resins, varnishes, oil, soap, candles, &c. ...
Stone and earth
Food, drink, and tobacco
Leather ... ... ... ... ...
Total
In addition, there were 2,081 handicraftsmen, of whom 853 worked alone,
415 worked with one assistant each, 642 with from two to six assistants, 79 with
from seven to ten assistants, and 92 with over ten assistants.
A ten hours work-day is almost universal in the town and suburbs, the only
exceptions of importance being several concerns in the chemical and allied trades,
Number
of
Establishments.
33
4
58
80
13
168
34
12
18
15
18
16
173
8
685
Number of Workpeople.
Males
Over
16 Years.
819
259
2,144
8,910
433
118
515
247
1,176
1,544
521
597
1,613
1,754
20,650
Females
Over
16 Years.
87
277
342
1,099
212
240
241
50
114
51
863
651
4,227
Juveniles.
35
1
174
359
111
328
77
120
259
115
9
26
169
272
2,055
Total.
854
260
2,405
9,546
886
1,545
804
607
1.676
1,709
614
674
2,645
2.677
26,932
