1760] Essays 45 
find their way out of it, the manufactures of the 
country where they go will infallibly find their way 
into it. 
They who understand the economy and principles 
of manufactures, know that it is impossible to estab- 
lish them in places not populous; and, even in those 
that are populous, hardly possible to establish them 
to the prejudice of the places already in possession of 
them. Several attempts have been made in France 
and Spain, countenanced by government, to draw 
from us, and establish in those countries, our hard- 
ware and woollen manufactures, but without success. 
The reasons are various. A manufacture is part 
of a great system of commerce, which takes in con- 
veniences of various kinds: methods of providing 
materials of all sorts, machines for expediting and 
facilitating labor, all the channels of correspondence 
for vending the wares, the credit and confidence 
necessary to found and support this correspondence, 
the mutual aid of different artisans, and a thousand 
other particulars which time and long experience 
have gradually established. A part of such a sys- 
tem cannot support itself without the whole; and 
before the whole can be obtained the part perishes. 
Manufactures, where they are in perfection, are car- 
ried on by multiplicity of hands, each of which is 
expert only in his own part; no one of them a master 
of the whole; and, if by any means spirited away to 
a foreign country, he is lost without his fellows. 
Then it is a matter of the extremest difficulty to 
persuade a complete set of workmen, skilled in all 
parts of a manufactory, to leave their country to-