[106 
farms, and greater on mixed farms than on farms which are 
mainly pasture. This is especially the case in regard to per- 
manent adult male workers. The total number of workers 
employed per 1,000 acres on holdings which are mainly arable 
is 36-6, against 23-1 on holdings which are mainly pasture. As 
regards regular male workers, the mainly arable farms employ 
27:9 per 1,000 acres, against. 16-2 on mainly pasture farms. 
Naturally enough, the greatest employment of labour is to be 
found upon fruit and vegetable holdings, and here temporary 
female labour bulks largely in the total. 
There is'a marked tendency to reduce the labour on holdings 
as farms increase in size, but it will also be observed that after 
a certain point the number of permanent male workers tends to 
increase, while the casual workers diminish throughout. This is 
no doubt largely due to the fact that the occupier is excluded 
from these figures and that on small farms no additional regular 
assistance is required in many cases, whereas as farms increase 
in size the occupier has to employ more regular workers. 
As more labour is employed on arable land than on pasture, 
it is to be expected that those counties which retain the greatest 
proportion of their cultivated area under arable crops will show 
the greatest employment of labour. In Table 26 in the Appendix 
are shown for each county the numbers of each kind of worker 
per 1,000 acres of crops and grass in the year 1925. The figures 
show that the proportion of arable land is only one of the factors 
which govern the amount of labour used, and that the type of 
farming has also a good deal of influence. The high rate of 
employment in Middlesex is due both to the high proportion of 
vegetable holdings and also to the number of residential holdings 
employing abnormal quantities of outside labour. Kent and 
Worcester are high because of their fruit and vegetable farms ; 
Lincoln (Holland) and the Isle of Ely owing to the extensive 
cultivation of potatoes. In some districts the labour bill is 
high owing to the predominance of dairy farming on the pasture 
lands—e.g., Cheshire. Considering the proportion of arable 
land to total cultivated area, the rate of employment in York- 
shire (East Riding) and in Lincoln (Kesteven and Lindsey) is 
abnormally low. 
Wages.—No special inquiries as to wages were made in con- 
nection with the Census inquiry in view of the fact that minimum 
rates of wages are now in operation throughout the country under 
the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Act, 1924. In the Report 
made under this Act for the year ending 30th September, 1926, 
some information is given in regard to the average earnings of 
agricultural workers in England and Wales in 1925-26. The 
average of the minimum wages fixed in the various counties 
for ordinary agricultural labourers was about 31s. 6d. per week 
over the country as a whole. Workers engaged in tending 
animals, such as horsemen, cattlemen and shepherds, usually 
receive additional wages in payment mainly for the longer hours