oHAP. Xx] MILITARY AND NAVAL DEFENCE 1265 
to that strength by 1920. About 80,000 are estimated to be 
needed for defence, half for the garrisoning of fortified places 
and other important centres, and half for offensive action 
against an invader. There are several changes in the Act 
from the scheme adopted by the Government in 1909, but 
the important one is the extension of training to twenty-five 
years, a demand met readily by the Parliament. But it is 
to be noted that no persons now over 21 become liable under 
the Act. The forces will be divided into junior cadets from 
12 to 14 years of age, who are to be trained for 120 hours in 
each year; senior cadets from 14 to 18 years of age, who will 
be trained for four whole-day drills, twelve half-day drills, 
and twenty-four night drills, and the citizen forces from 
18 to 25 years of age. In the citizen forces the training will 
be compulsory, sixteen whole-day drills or their equivalent 
being required, and eight of these day drills must be passed 
in camps of continuous training, with longer periods for 
the skilled arms like artillery and engineers. Provision is 
also made for a Military College, which will eventually supply 
the officers to train the forces, and graduates of which only 
shall be appointed officers of the permanent forces. The New 
Zealand Defence Act of 1909 (No. 28) was similarly amended 
in 1910 (No. 21) to render training up to 25 years of age 
compulsory, and in both cases appropriations have been 
made for the necessary arms and equipment of the troops. 
In time of war military service is compulsory on all males 
from 17-55 in New Zealand, from 18-60 in Australia. 
There should be briefly mentioned the attempts which 
used to be made to induce the Colonial Governments to 
accept Imperial advice in military matters. At one time 
the Militia Act of Canada rendered the employment of a 
British general officer in supreme command necessary, but 
that requirement was never satisfactory; the officer in 
* South African defence is not yet organized, but Natal was the first 
Colony by Acts Nos. 36 of 1903; 30 of 1905, and 36 of 1906, to adopt 
universal training, and the Cape and Natal Colonial forces served with ability 
in native wars. The Transvaal had a Volunteer force which helped Natal 
in the native rebellion of 1906-8. An Act for the Union is contemplated.