168 
INTERNATIONAL TRADE 
i 1 — 
HERI 
RIB dial 
are likely to offset each other — these offer the best possibilities 
for such comparisons; and it is for these that Mr. Flux worked 
out the results. 
First, pig iron. The output per person employed was 39 tons 
in Great Britain in 1907; it was 84.5 tons per person employed 
in the United States in 1909. That is, for each person employed 
the output was more than twice as great in the United States.? 
For steel products the difference was even greater. The output 
per head was 25 tons in Great Britain, 77 tons in the United 
States; nor was the difference any more to be explained in this 
case than in that of pig iron on the ground of discrepancy in the 
character of the article (heavy steel, say, against more finished 
forms). 
Some further figures on the steel industry of the two countries 
are suggestive. They relate to steel works of all kinds, and (I 
judge) do not cover precisely the same ground as those for “steel 
products” just given. They are stated in proportions; they 
show merely relations between conditions in the two countries. 
, PROPORTION OF 
UNITED STATES TO GREAT BRITAIN 
Total Tonnage 4 1 
Numbers of workers 7 6 
Horsepower per worker 103 51 
i 
or 
Tho the number of workers in the United States is not markedly 
greater than in Great Britain, the tonnage produced is four times 
as great. But the equipment of the workers, as indicated by the 
horsepower of the machinery employed, is twice as great. No 
1 Mr. Flux put his figures at my disposal in manuscript form many years ago 
(before the Great War), but was unwilling to publish them, tho urged to do so. 
He has most kindly permitted me to use them here. Some among them he has 
used in his paper on the Census of Production in the Journal of the Royal Statistical 
Society for May, 1924. In that paper he has also made most interesting com- 
parisons between the pecuniary yield per workman in various British and American 
industries, and between the wages rates in the two countries. 
2 These figures refer to manufacturing operations in the strict sense — to those 
included in accountants’ reckoning of conversion cost. They are the costs above ore, 
coal, limestone. Dr. Ballod, in the article in the Jahrbuch fiir Gesetzgebung 
already referred to, gives figures of pre-war product for the United States and 
Germany on a different basis, including all the labor for ore, coal, etc., as well as for 
labor at the furnace. He arrives at 295 tons per workman in Germany for 1906, 
424 tons for Pennsylvania in 1900. I can not be sure of the comparability of these 
figures.