DIFFERENCES IN LABOR COSTS 173 
factories of the United States and the hand factories in all three 
countries, the case is quite different. The superiority of the 
United States is marked. The output per day is more than twice 
as great for each workman in the United States as in the two 
other countries. Per year the difference is not quite so great, 
because of the less number of operating days. The machine 
processes, however, are carried on in the United States over a 
larger number of days than are the hand processes in that country ; 
hence, while the superiority of the machine is not so marked in the 
daily output (21 to 16), it becomes so as regards the annual output 
(5250 against 2800). Anyone who has seen both processes at 
work, as I have, will readily understand that the machine operator 
can keep at his task thru more days and thru hotter days than can 
the hand blower. 
It is instructive to contrast these figures of labor cost — that is, 
of labor bestowed — with cost figures of the ordinary sort. The 
same investigation brought together the money costs, the “ex- 
penses of production,” in the three countries, and, among these 
money costs, itemized separately the wages expenses. The results 
confirm what was said in an earlier chapter ! on wages and prices 
in relation to international and domestic commodities, and they 
bear also on the further elucidation of the same general subject 
which will be found in the next chapter. The figures are as 
follows : 
Money Costs or PropuctioN PER Box or 100 Sq. Fr. Winnow GLASS 
Raw material 
fuel and Power 
Packing 
Wages 
Miscellaneous Expenses 
Total 
BELGIUM 
19192 
19.6 
33.3 
Ni 
Hand-blown 
phy 
SWEDEN 
1912 
UNITED 
STATES 
1915 
43.9 
07.4 
rp 
22.7 
6 
‘1 
-- 
ay 
\ 
Vichineblown 
UNITED 
STATES 
1915 
29.7 
26.3 
22.2 
134.5 
62 8 
il 
See Chapter 5.