DIFFERENCES IN LABOR COSTS 173

factories of the United States and the hand factories in all three
countries, the case is quite different. The superiority of the
United States is marked. The output per day is more than twice
as great for each workman in the United States as in the two
other countries. Per year the difference is not quite so great,
because of the less number of operating days. The machine
processes, however, are carried on in the United States over a
larger number of days than are the hand processes in that country ;
hence, while the superiority of the machine is not so marked in the
daily output (21 to 16), it becomes so as regards the annual output
(5250 against 2800). Anyone who has seen both processes at
work, as I have, will readily understand that the machine operator
can keep at his task thru more days and thru hotter days than can
the hand blower.
It is instructive to contrast these figures of labor cost — that is,
of labor bestowed — with cost figures of the ordinary sort. The
same investigation brought together the money costs, the “expenses
 of production,” in the three countries, and, among these
money costs, itemized separately the wages expenses. The results
confirm what was said in an earlier chapter ! on wages and prices
in relation to international and domestic commodities, and they
bear also on the further elucidation of the same general subject
which will be found in the next chapter. The figures are as
follows :
Money Costs or PropuctioN PER Box or 100 Sq. Fr. Winnow GLASS

Raw material
fuel and Power
Packing
Wages
Miscellaneous Expenses
Total

BELGIUM
19192

19.6
33.3
Ni

Hand-blown

phy

SWEDEN
1912

UNITED
STATES
1915

43.9
07.4
rp

22.7
6
‘1

--ay


\

Vichineblown

UNITED
STATES
1915

29.7
26.3
22.2
134.5
62 8
il

See Chapter 5.