embargoes. These measures may be locally and temporarily desir- 
able for a great variety of reasons, but in general it is our belief 
that in the long run measures of this kind, aimed at the ultimate 
closing or diversion of the main international channels determined 
by nature, are doomed to failure, and that the effort to apply them 
will demand needless readjustment involving much unnecessary 
friction in international relations as well as in the orderly develop- 
ment of the mineral industry. Mineral resources cannot be created 
by legislation. 
There are minerals which are so distributed that the necessity 
of international movement is not immediately apparent. For 
such minerals there may be reasons other than that of necessity 
for aiding or restricting this movement. 
3. Minerals Should be Concentrated, Smelted, or Fabricated Near Source of 
Supply, With Limitations 
In the interest of reduction of bulk and efficiency of transport- 
ation, the concentration, refining and fabrication of minerals near 
sources of supply should be encouraged wherever conditions permit. 
Countries fortunate enough to possess large supplies of a needed 
mineral, deficient elsewhere in the world, are entitled to the ad- 
vantages that may come from conversion. and fabrication of raw 
materials, unless local conditions make this possible only at ex- 
cessive cost. Coal is the chief energy resource required for this 
work, and experience has shown that many minerals can be 
utilized with greater efficiency near sources of coal than near the 
sources of the minerals, 
4. Freedom of Exploration is Essential 
The exploration and development of mineral resources are Con- 
tinously necessary to replenish ore reserves depleted by production. 
The present century has witnessed a greater consumption of miner- 
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