embargoes. These measures may be locally and temporarily desirable
 for a great variety of reasons, but in general it is our belief
that in the long run measures of this kind, aimed at the ultimate
closing or diversion of the main international channels determined
by nature, are doomed to failure, and that the effort to apply them
will demand needless readjustment involving much unnecessary
friction in international relations as well as in the orderly development
 of the mineral industry. Mineral resources cannot be created
by legislation.
There are minerals which are so distributed that the necessity
of international movement is not immediately apparent. For
such minerals there may be reasons other than that of necessity
for aiding or restricting this movement.

3. Minerals Should be Concentrated, Smelted, or Fabricated Near Source of
Supply, With Limitations

In the interest of reduction of bulk and efficiency of transportation,
 the concentration, refining and fabrication of minerals near
sources of supply should be encouraged wherever conditions permit.
Countries fortunate enough to possess large supplies of a needed
mineral, deficient elsewhere in the world, are entitled to the advantages
 that may come from conversion. and fabrication of raw
materials, unless local conditions make this possible only at excessive
 cost. Coal is the chief energy resource required for this
work, and experience has shown that many minerals can be
utilized with greater efficiency near sources of coal than near the
sources of the minerals,

4. Freedom of Exploration is Essential

The exploration and development of mineral resources are Continously
 necessary to replenish ore reserves depleted by production.
The present century has witnessed a greater consumption of miner-59