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COASTAL WORKS 
243 
is usually the formation of a bar, which is a bank joined to 
the land at each end, or of a spit, which is joined at only 
one end. The most typical spit in the British Isles is Spurn 
Head, which is due to the transport of pebbles southward 
along the Yorkshire coast; it is 10-20 feet high, and 
2% miles long, of which 1} miles have been formed since 1676. 
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Fig. 61.—THE CHANGES IN THE BURE (B), Yare (Y), AND WAVENEY (W) 
EsTUARIES. 
(a) Present course of the rivers; the Broads are marked by horizontal 
lines. (b) The condition of the estuary in Roman times. (c) The con. 
dition in Saxon times with the formation of Cedric’s Island. (d) In 
Norman times with the beginning of the formation of the Yarmouth 
(YZ) Spit. (e¢) The extension of the Yarmouth Spit towards Lowes- 
loft (1) with the mouth artificially cut at Gorleston (G). C. Caistor. 
It formerly grew southward from 20-56 yards a year, but 
from 1873 to 1902 the rate has been only 3-4 yards a year 
as the movement of the shingle has been checked by groynes. 
The spit is worn away along the sea-front and enlarged by 
deposits of silt on the inner side, so that it is slowly moving 
westward. Ravenspur, a Danish settlement which is now