NEW MALTHUSIANISM 107 
however, that the cultures and ideals of different 
peoples are by no means identical., Nor are their 
physical, intellectual and temperamental characters 
always mutually agreeable or even compatible. 
Among different peoples the ordinary standards-of- 
living vary greatly. Because of this, and also because 
of racial and national vanities, not always well-based, 
migrants are not always welcome. And even if they 
were very welcome, there are economic difficulties in 
the way of reaching relatively equal degrees of popula- 
tion-saturation. Usually great hardships have to be 
faced in opening up new country, and also in developing 
new conditions. Satisfactory migration often requires 
that the migrants should possess some capital, and it 
is to be noted that the capacity of any people to receive 
migrants with small amounts of capital or none at all, 
is usually very limited indeed, as things are at present, 
or as they are likely to be. Thus migrations of human 
beings are only a palliative of the kind of difficulties 
that are arising, and are merely a very partial and 
temporary solution of the troubles occurring through 
large increases of population. And one has, too, to 
remember that immigrants often unreasonably hope 
for the benefits of a new country, without being 
prepared to share in the hardships and effort made by 
the earlier possessors, and by pioneers generally, in 
developing it. They are prepared to profit by the 
heavy labours of others. without making corresponding 
sacrifices. 
Fundamentally different attitudes in respect to what 
constitutes the best form of civilised development; 
race-prejudices, intensified by differences of language 
and temperament; the regarding of any territory 
whatsoever as a realm for exploitation for foreign as 
well as native interests; uncertainty in regard to 
interest and good faith in cases of multiple nationality; 
penetrations into affairs by capital subject to foreign