CONCLUSIONS AS TO POPULATION INCREASE 117 
that thorough and sympathetic studies of those things 
in international life which reveal that Man is subject 
to moral law will have to be undertaken. (Is there 
any real expression of such law in the inter-relations 
of mankind?) Moreover, the financial and economic 
systems, and the different productivities of the various 
peoples of the earth will have to be co-ordinated with 
the greatest possible equity and goodwill. 
This limit of 7800 millions will be passed only with 
the greatest difficulty and probably very slowly. It is, 
however, quite possible that still further increase can 
take place, to the order of say five times the present 
population, viz., to 9750 millions, and ultimately it 
might reach even six times, say 11,700 millions. It 
seems certain that, under any conditions whatsoever, 
the numbers of the human race can never surpass this. 
Even to attain to 9750 millions, the perfection of all 
human organisation would have to be so high on the 
moral as well as on the physical plane, that it is very 
difficult even to imagine how this can transpire in 
the limits of time which are probably available. The 
history of the human race appears to indicate that only 
very slow changes, if any at all, in the fundamental 
elements of Man’s character are possible. Unless the 
changes arrive through intelligent reproductive controls, 
taking every advantage of appropriate methods of repro- 
duction, it would seem unlikely that the 7800 limit will 
ever be passed. 
Although the history of Japan has been a revelation of 
how rapidly a people, with devoted and mentally capable 
leaders, may develop in a particular direction, viz., in 
that which has characterised Western civilisation, and 
although the rapid rise of various other peoples has 
been almost equally surprising, there is no doubt that, 
to attain to a high population-density, the prevailing 
aims of human lives will have to be less concerned 
with complications in the mere standard-of-living. A