CONTENTS 
xi 
PAGE 
6. Annual Earnings According to Race, Age, and Sex . 16S 
Annual Earnings of Male Heads of Families . 168 
7. Annual Family Income 169 
Sources of Family Income 170 
Old and New Immigration Compared . . . 173 
X—THE FLOATING IMMIGRANT LABOR SUPPLY 
1. Methods of Securing Work 175 
Labor Agencies 176 
The Padrone System 179 
2. Racial Classification of Railroad and Other Construc 
tion Laborers 180 
3. Period of Residence of Immigrant Workmen in the 
United States 181 
4. Earnings 182 
5. Characteristics of the Labor Supply 183 
6. Housing and Living Conditions in the West . . . 183 
7. Working and Living Conditions in the South . . . 185 
8. The Commissary in Southern Camps 188 
Detention Practises ...» 189 
9. Southern Employers’ Preferences for Labor . . 191 
10. Maintenance of Law and Order in Southern Camps . 192 
11. The Middle States 193 
XI—THE IMMIGRANT AS A DYNAMIC FACTOR IN 
INDUSTRY 
1. Salient Characteristics of the Immigrant Labor 
Supply 194 
Lack of Technical Training 194 
Illiteracy and Inability to Speak English . . 195 
Their Necessitous Condition . . . . . . 195 
Low Standards of Living 196 
Lack of Permanent Interest 197 
Tractability of the Immigrant 198 
2. The Inefficiency of the Immigrant Has Encouraged 
the Use of Machinery 193 
3. The Employment of the Immigrant Has Changed 
the Form of Industrial Organization 199