162 BOARD OF EDUCATION
and widely those who are concerned in the service
of education.
There are many Departmental regulations which
are not reinforced, or only to a slight extent, by
financial sanctions, though they may "have large
financial implications. To this class belong mainly
the regulations relating to factories, the Poor Law,
and sanitation. In many cases the service is
governed by local by-laws for which Departmental
approval is required. In many also, loans to cover
capital expenditure on the service cannot be obtained
by Local Authorities without Departmental sanction.
In some cases the appointment or removal of local
officials, to whose remuneration the Department
may or may not contribute, requires Departmental
sanction. In other cases the Department has power
to displace Local Authorities who do not perform
their duties, or perform them improperly. The
regulations of the Board of Education belong to the
class in which, the service being largely subsidised
out of Parliamentary money, the financial sanction
is predominant. The Board, as is explained in a
previous chapter, has no power to displace a
defaulting Local Authority, and has no control over
local officials. The scope of local by-laws requiring
the Board’s approval is small. ‘There are some
things which a Local Authority cannot legally do at
all without the Board’s approval, and many things
which they are commanded by statute to do, but,
apart from the rusty and cumbrous instrument of
“ mandamus,” the Board’s power to get things done,
to get them done well, or prevent their being done
in the service of education, rests mainly and in the