162 BOARD OF EDUCATION 
and widely those who are concerned in the service 
of education. 
There are many Departmental regulations which 
are not reinforced, or only to a slight extent, by 
financial sanctions, though they may "have large 
financial implications. To this class belong mainly 
the regulations relating to factories, the Poor Law, 
and sanitation. In many cases the service is 
governed by local by-laws for which Departmental 
approval is required. In many also, loans to cover 
capital expenditure on the service cannot be obtained 
by Local Authorities without Departmental sanction. 
In some cases the appointment or removal of local 
officials, to whose remuneration the Department 
may or may not contribute, requires Departmental 
sanction. In other cases the Department has power 
to displace Local Authorities who do not perform 
their duties, or perform them improperly. The 
regulations of the Board of Education belong to the 
class in which, the service being largely subsidised 
out of Parliamentary money, the financial sanction 
is predominant. The Board, as is explained in a 
previous chapter, has no power to displace a 
defaulting Local Authority, and has no control over 
local officials. The scope of local by-laws requiring 
the Board’s approval is small. ‘There are some 
things which a Local Authority cannot legally do at 
all without the Board’s approval, and many things 
which they are commanded by statute to do, but, 
apart from the rusty and cumbrous instrument of 
“ mandamus,” the Board’s power to get things done, 
to get them done well, or prevent their being done 
in the service of education, rests mainly and in the