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EUROPE AND AFRICA 
chieftains. In February, 1885, the German East African 
Company with a capital of 3,000,000 marks was organized. 
It received, on the 17th,! a protective charter from the 
Government based on a few flimsy treaties signed by chiefs 
who were persuaded by Peters that they needed German 
protection, and who were willing to swear that Sultan Bar- 
ghash possessed no sovereignty over them or their lands.? 
From May to July, 1885, Dr. Carl Jiihlke — the “right- 
ful representative of the German East African Company ” 
— continued the labors of the earlier commission and made 
further treaties? with the local potentates until some sixty 
thousand square miles were marked off and a German pro- 
tectorate officially proclaimed. At the same time — April, 
1885 — the Denhardt brothers secured a concession of five 
hundred miles from Sultan Simla of Witu and formed the 
“Witu Company.” 
On April 27 the Sultan of Zanzibar sent a protest to the 
German Government against the treaty-making operations 
of Peters and Jiihlke in Usagara, Nguru, Useguha, and 
Ukami, claiming those districts as his possessions; and on 
May 11 he made a similar protest to Great Britain through 
Sir John Kirk. Bismarck, accepting the treaties at their 
face value, insisted that Germany was not interfering with any 
valid sovereign rights of Zanzibar, but that she was merely 
establishing posts for the protection and advancement of 
trade in East Africa, as any European power was entitled to 
do by the terms of the Berlin Agreement. And he asked the 
assistance of England in securing from Barghash the recogni- 
tion of the new German protectorate and the acceptance of 
certain commercial arrangements.# Lord Granville, as soon 
1 Brit. and For. St. Papers, vol. 77, p. 10. 
2 Ibid., pp. 11-14. 3 Ibid., pp. 14-22. 
4 See correspondence beginning on page 1099 in the Brit. and For. Si. 
Papers, vol. 77.